AP Human Geography Final Flashcards

8284861096	Formal Region	An area in which everyone/everything (or the area itself) shares one or more characteristics Ex. Colorado, the tropics	0
8284896248	Functional Region	-An area where there is a focal point(node) which is dominant and has influence over the region -There is interaction in the region between the node and the surrounding area Ex. Circulation area of a newspaper, school district, central business district	1
8284946686	Vernacular Region (Perceptual Region)	-Exists in the minds of people -Not formally(scientifically) defined Ex. The Midwest	2
8284973037	Scale	Relation between the size of something on a map to its actual size on Earth	3
8284986075	Large-Scale Map	-Shows only a small portion of the Earth's surface, like a neighborhood -Lots of detail in a small area	4
8285004658	Small-Scale Map	Not as much detail but it shows a large area, like the globe	5
8285035856	Robinson	A map projection, oceans not interrupted, but land areas are much smaller than they are on maps where the oceans interrupted	6
8286259573	Mercator	A map projection, shape is not distorted much, direction is consistent, rectangular, but near the poles/high latitudes places look much larger than the actually are.	7
8286292163	Site	Physical characteristic of a place Ex. Climate, topography, vegetation	8
8286299881	Situation	The location of a place relative to other places	9
8286312317	Hearth	The origin of the idea or characteristic	10
8286316281	Relocation Diffusion	People moving and bringing their culture with them Ex. Spread of religion by settlers or conquerors	11
8286333004	Hierarchical Diffusion	A type of expansion diffusion, the process of transferring ideas first between larger places or prominent people and only later to less important points or people	12
8286358427	Contagious Diffusion	A type of expansion diffusion, direct contact between developers of idea/those who adopted it and those who encounter it. Affects nearly uniformly all individuals and areas outward from the source region	13
8286385798	Stimulus Diffusion	A type of expansion diffusion, the movement of the underlying idea or principle	14
8286457103	Thematic Map	A map with a single subject	15
8303322522	East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe	Four most important population concentrations	16
8303359108	Stage 2	What stage is Nigeria in on the demographic transition model? Region-Sub-Saharan Africa Rapid population growth Triangle shaped population pyramid(many young people)	17
8303402249	Stage 3	What stage is India in on the demographic transition model? Region-Latin America, South-East Asia Population still growing- but slowing down Square with triangle on top population pyramid	18
8303418082	Stage 4	What stage is the U.S. in on the demographic transition model? Region-North America and parts of Europe, Oceania Steady population-Low CBR and CDR Rectangular-ish population pyramid	19
8303434698	Stage 5	What stage is Japan in on the Demographic transition model? Region-Some parts of Europe Decreasing population- elderly, very low CBR Pentagon shaped pyramid(more elderly people than young)	20
8303600005	War(civil war)	Political Reason for Forced Migration	21
8303612505	Facing discrimination	Social Reason for Forced Migration	22
8303619414	Natural Disaster	Environmental Reason for Forced Migration	23
8303653188	Turkey	Top refugee hosting country	24
8387685702	Language Family	-A collection of individual languages with a common ancestor from the very distant past -Largest division of language Ex. Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan	25
8387723804	Indo-European	Largest language family	26
8387736037	Isogloss	An area of distinct word usage or pronunciation that can be defined as a distinct region with boundaries Ex. soda vs pop	27
8387766330	Ideograms	The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific as is the case with letters in English	28
8387800716	Lingua Franca	A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages Ex. English, French in Africa	29
8387832046	Language Branch	A group of languages that share a common origin but have evolved into different languages-second largest division of languages Ex. Romance languages, Indo-Iranian	30
8387862531	Language Group	Several individual languages within a language branch	31
8387884300	Dialect	Pronunciation and vocabulary of a language distinct to a certain region	32
8387893506	Creole	-A language that is made up of a combination of two languages -Often a mixture of a European and African language that is the result of slaves being brought to the Americas Ex. Haitian ______	33
8387942906	Multi-Lingual State	A state where multiple languages are spoken Ex. Belgium	34
8387969573	Sino-Tibetan	Second largest language family	35
8387969574	Mandarin	Most widely spoken language- Sino-Tibetan family	36
8387979921	English	Second most widely spoken language- Indo-European family	37
8388000709	Ethnic Religion	A religion that appeals to a certain group of people living in a certain place Few missionaries to spread religion Ex. Judaism, Hinduism, Animistic religions	38
8388010657	Universalizing Religion	A religion that tries to appeal to everyone Spread by missionaries and conquerors Ex. Christianity, Buddhism, Islam	39
8388045190	Christianity	Branches-Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox Hearth-Palestine(modern day Israel) Distribution-Americas, Europe, Australia, some of Africa World's largest religion	40
8388097280	Islam	Branches-Sunni(majority), Shiite Hearth- Mecca Distribution- North Africa, Middle East, Indonesia	41
8388112734	Buddhism	Hearth- North India/Nepal Distribution- South/South East Asia(China and surrounding areas)	42
8388138921	Hinduism	Largest ethnic religion Almost exclusive to India	43
8388163272	Judaism	Israel Ethnic Religion	44
8388184513	Religion Branch	Division of a religion Ex. Protestant, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox in Christianity	45
8388202267	Denomination	Division within a branch Ex. Baptism is a __________ of Protestant	46
8388221681	Sect	A relatively small denominational group that has broken away from an established church	47
8388256159	Ethnic Group	-People of a common ancestry and cultural tradition -Born into it	48
8388270067	Ethnic Homeland	-Connection to land -Indigenous people -Ancestral Home Ex. Navajo reservation, Quebecois	49
8388295859	Rohingya	What group of people have been forced out of Myanmar by the government/military? -Textbook example of ethnic cleansing -Muslims in a Buddhist majority country	50
8388324410	Popular Culture	Uniform landscape, looks the same everywhere, changes over time but varies little from place to place, found in large heterogeneous cities Ex. Starbucks, McDonalds	51
8388344915	Folk Culture	-Local, homemade, handmade -Largely self-sufficient -Little change over time -Varies from place to place -Small groups, isolated	52
8388368664	Contagious Diffusion(not definition)	How does popular culture spread?	53
8388390317	Relocation Diffusion(not definition)	How is folk culture spread?	54
8400808201	State	-Country(land not people) -A political unit that occupies a precisely defined, permanently populated territory. It has full control over its internal and foreign affairs(sovereignty)	55
8400833264	Nation	-People not land -Refers to a group of people with a common culture that occupy a particular territory Ex. Navajo(like ethnic homelands)	56
8400858208	Multinational State	A state that consists of several nations Ex. UK, India, Spain	57
8400864455	Stateless Nation	Nations that don't have their own state/sovereignty Ex. Catalans, Iraqi Kurds	58
8400874606	Nation-State	-The territory of a state is occupied by only one distinct nation or people -No important minority group Ex. France, Iceland, Japan, Denmark	59
8400905802	Colony	A territory that is tied to a state and lacks full sovereignty, citizens may have some autonomy, but no control over their foreign affairs Ex. Puerto Rico, many islands	60
8400967642	Compact	-Shape of a state -Circular/equal radius from capital city to boundaries -Advantages-more efficient communication and transportation Ex. Botswana, Bhutan	61
8400998953	Elongated	-Shape of a state -Lots of border to defend -Communication and transportation is difficult -Usually along a coast Ex. Chile	62
8401014263	Fragmented	-Shape of a state -Usually island groups/chains -Communication/transportation is hard -Sea born Trade Ex. Phillipines	63
8401033425	Prorupted	-Shape of a state -Part of the country is connected to main part by narrow strip of land -Hard to defend proruption Ex. Namibia, India	64
8401055509	Perforated	-Shape of a country -A country has another country completely within its boundaries Ex. South Africa(perforation-Lesotho), Italy	65
8401091427	Devolution	The transfer of power from a central government to a local or regional administration	66
8401103504	Supranationalism	When a state gives up some portion of its sovereignty to the advantages of closer economic, political, or cultural association with its neighbors-joins a group of countries Ex. NAFTA, EU, NATO	67
8401127841	Unitary State	All of the power is in the central government Ex. China, small states	68
8401141056	Federal State	-Gives different ethnicities more representation -More power to regional governments (a type of state)	69
8401166622	Exclave	A part of the state that is separated by other states/not physically connected to main part of state	70
8401197848	Enclave	A part of a state that is completely within another state	71
8401220388	Shatterbelt	Regions where there are many fragile states and world powers have taken an interest Ex. Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East	72
8401237892	Fragile State	A state that is susceptible to crisis, vulnerable, not stable Reasons -Bad economy -Corrupt government	73
8401268232	De Facto State	Not a state by name, but functions as one Ex. Taiwan	74
8401277866	Geometric Boundary	-Straight lines -Artificial, not related to culture/landscape	75
8401300423	Antecedent Boundary	A boundary drawn before the area was heavily populated	76
8401306543	Consequent Boundary	A boundary that coincides with cultural or economic patterns	77
8401320274	Superimposed Boundary	-A boundary that ignores cultural patterns -Usually a result of colonization -Contributes to being a fragile state	78
8401334119	Positional Dispute	A boundary dispute over the precise location of the boundary	79
8401343880	Territorial Dispute	A boundary dispute over who owns the territory	80
8401349521	Resource Dispute	A boundary dispute over who has control/the right to resources	81
8401368079	Functional Dispute	A disagreement about border policies/the movement of people	82
8401376238	Balkanization	The breakup of a country due to ethnic conflicts	83
8401394882	Gerrymandering	The act of manipulating the boundaries of a state, country, county, etc. so as to favor one party/class politically	84
8424990121	Agriculture	Growing crops or raising livestock	85
8424993052	Commercial Agriculture	Growing crops or raising livestock to sell	86
8425001991	Crop Rotation	Changing which crops are growing in a field (usually annually) to prevent the depletion of nutrients in the soil	87
8425012399	Domestication	Breeding of trained animals for human use	88
8425017631	Double-Cropping	Two harvests a year from the same field	89
8425024714	Extensive Subsistence	A type of agriculture Ex. Pastoral Nomadism	90
8425050475	Mixed-Crop and Livestock	-Growing grains for livestock consumption -In mid-latitude MDC's -Most of the land is for growing grain, not raising animals -Animals sold for profit	91
8425065405	Fallow	When nothing is planted	92
8425090942	Von Thünen's Model	This model shows distances from types of agriculture to cities (2=produce and milkshed)	93
8425109681	Horticulture	The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers	94
8425167422	Intensive Subsistence	-A type of agriculture -LDC's -Provides food for the farmer's family -Takes lots of effort	95
8425176449	Intertillage	-Mixing of different crops -Helps mimic natural environment+keeps nutrients in soil	96
8425210035	Livestock Ranching	-A type of extensive commercial agriculture -Takes a large area of land -Cattle -In the West, where it is dryer	97
8425232161	Extensive Commercial Agriculture	-A type of agriculture -Large areas of cheap land -Can be far from markets -Takes place in semi-arid parts of the world in MDC's -Ex. Livestock Ranching and Wheat	98
8425252859	Luxury Crops	Not essential crops Ex. Tea, coffee, sugar	99
8438737282	Truck Farming(Market Gardening)	The growing of produce to sell	100
8438754096	Mediterranean Agriculture	-Climate for this type of agriculture: borders a sea, west coasts, sea winds provide moisture, mild winters -Crops are grown for human consumption -Grapes and olives	101
8438767326	Milkshed	The area around a city where a city gets its milk from so it doesn't spoil	102
8438786238	Grain Farming	-Wheat -Regions: Belt through Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma(winter-wheat); Spring wheat, Belt through the Dakotas, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan; Washington State	103
8438801506	Pastoral Nomadism	-A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals -Takes place in arid and semi arid climates -Central and southwest Asia and north Africa -Extensive subsistence agriculture	104
8438822727	Plantation Farming	-Grows luxury crops -Takes place in LDC's -Crops sold to MDC's	105
8438832096	Shifting Cultivation	-Supports a small population -Community uses the field for a couple of years, then leaves it to let it fallow until soil nutrients are replenished -Slash-and-burn(cut down then burn the vegetation) -Humid low latitude climates	106
8438862072	Subsistence Agriculture	Growing crops to feed the farmer and their family	107
8438865539	Transhumance	The seasonal migration of livestock, usually between mountains and lowland pasture areas	108
8438880551	Central and part of South America	Agricultural hearth for cotton, corn, and potato	109
8438889136	Ethiopia(Sub-Saharan Africa)	Agricultural hearth for sorghum	110
8438896061	Middle East(Fertile Crescent)	Agricultural hearth for many cereal grains(barley, oats, rye, wheat)	111
8438903969	East Asia	Agricultural hearth for rice and soybeans	112
8438909559	Indonesia/South East Asia	Agricultural hearth for sugarcane	113
8438958189	Primary Sector	-Harvest or extract materials/products from the Earth -Stage two and three countries -Most of an LDC's GDP comes from this sector Ex. Agriculture, fishing, foresting, mining, hunting and gathering	114
8438977806	Secondary Sector	The transformation of raw materials in usable products Ex. Manufacturing, processing, construction, power production (China)	115
8438998280	Tertiary Sector	-Provide services to the primary and secondary sector and goods and services to the general community and individual -Stage 4+5 countries Ex. Retail and wholesale trade, personal and professional services	116
8439013906	Quarternary Sector	-Individuals and organizations involved in the processing and dissemination of information and control of their own or other enterprises -Grouped with tertiary sector -Information, Research, and Management	117
8439036524	Human Development Index (HDI)	-A comparative measure of economic(GDP per capita), social(literacy rate and years of education), and demographic(life expectancy) factors that are used to determine the level of development -Health, wealth, and knowledge	118
8439065111	Weber's Least Cost Theory	-Companies choose a location to minimize their costs -Transportation is the most important element of the model	119
8439079275	Bulk-Reducing Industry	-Inputs(raw materials) are bulky/expensive to transport -Final product is lighter/less expensive to transport -Manufacturing is located near the inputs Ex. Steel and copper making	120
8439094333	Bulk-Gaining Industry	-Inputs are light/cheap to transport -Final product is heavier and more expensive to transport -Manufacturing takes place near market Ex. Beer and soft-drink bottling	121
8439118837	Break-of-Bulk Point	Where good are transported from one mode of transportation to another	122
8439135967	Footloose Industry	An industry that can be located anywhere without effects from factors such as resources, services, or transport Ex. Computer chips	123
8439166298	Industrial Revolution	-Transition from a mainly agricultural based industry to one more focused on factories and manufacturing -Started in the UK	124
8439180315	Infrastructure	Physical and organizational structures and facilities needed in a society Ex. Roads	125
8439192556	Manufacturing Region	-A region where manufacturing activities have clustered together -Northwestern Europe, East Asia, Eastern North America, Eastern Europe	126
8439203961	New International Division of Labor	-Cheap, less skilled labor in LDCs -Research, development, design, in MDCs	127
8439212025	Site Characteristics	Factors about the location of the factory Ex. Labor cost, land, capital	128
8439224135	Situation Characteristics	Factors about the transportation to and from the factory	129
8441192505	These natural factors contribute to a country being less developed	-Ex.Sub-Sahran Africa -Near Equator -Lack of good domesticated animals -No access to good crops like cereal grains -Tropical diseases like malaria(hard to eradicate because no cold season) -Bad soil quality (Jeopardy-ish style question)	130
8441215412	These natural factors contribute to a country being more developed	-Temperate climate -Better climate for growing crops -Access to nutritious crops like cereal grains and domesticated animals -More fertile soil -Access to sea born trade -Not as susceptible to tropical diseases such as malaria (Jeopardy-ish style question)	131
8441235217	Colonization, Fragile States, Superimposed Boundaries	Man-made reasons that a country has a low HDI	132
8461508678	Urban	In, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town	133
8461516728	Metropolitan Statistical Area(MSA)	-A central city with at least 50,000 people -The county that includes the central city -Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of people working in the central city's county -Most of the US	134
8461544540	Combined Metropolitan Statistical Area(CMSA)	Two adjacent MSA's with overlapping commuter patterns Ex. Denver and Boulder	135
8461550609	Megalopolis	A string of urban areas that have grown together Ex. Boston to Washington DC	136
8461576356	Colonial City	-Administrative, commercial, and often military outpost for an external power -Many established to economically or militarily subdue local people	137
8461595449	Latin American City Model/Spanish Colonial City	-Spanish conquistadors completely erased indigenous settlements and mingled with the local culture to become a part of it -Grid pattern -Plaza at the center of the city -Spine with elite residences -Squatter settlements around the city	138
8461637503	French and British Colonial City	-Segregation between colonists and natives -The French and the British never mingled with the local population like the Spanish did Ex. Africa, South/Southeast Asia, India	139
8461667837	Emerging City	-Millions have migrated to cities in search of a better life -Economic activities have often changed their orientation from external to local markets -Cities have been centers of political and social unrest Ex. Mumbai, Dhaka	140
8461719272	CBD	Central Business District	141
8461724850	Census Tracts	-Contains 5,000 ish residents -Corresponds (when possible) to neighborhood boundaries	142
8461737261	Suburbs(Europe)	Where do poor people and migrants live in European cities? -Dense housing, not very nice areas to live	143
8461751760	Suburbs(USA)	Where do wealthier/middle class people live in American cities? -More space, good schools, yards	144
8461775586	Concentric Circle Model		145
8461779282	Sector Model		146
8461783137	Multiple Nuclei Model		147
8461799751	Central Place Theory	-The larger the settlements are in size, the fewer in number they will be -The larger the settlements grow in size, the greater the distance between them -The higher the order of the goods and services, the longer the distance people are willing to travel to acquire them	148
8461831103	Clustered	-The most common type of rural settlement in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America -Farm villages -Fields and villages lie beyond the limits of the village, accessible by walking -Why?-defense, environmental conditions, communal ties	149
8461858546	Semiclustered	-Row villages -Chain of farmsteads along a river or road	150
8461870122	Isolated Farmstead	-Safe out in the middle of nowhere -Peace and security in the countryside -Self-sufficiency -Individual families rather than communities -Commonly found in Anglo-America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa (places colonized by British/Europeans)	151
8469099827	Primate City Rule	-Largest, most dominant city in a region -Most LDC's have a high degree of primacy, while most MDC's have a low degree of primacy -Degree of primacy refers to the dominance of the largest city over the rest of the country Ex. London-UK, Paris-France, Bangkok-Thailand	152
8469137319	Rank-Size Rule	-Largest town, population=x -2nd largest town, population=x/2 -3rd largest x/3..... Ex. USA, India, Germany, Federal states	153
8469164841	Threshold	Minimum market(population or income) needed to bring about the selling of a particular good or service	154
8469176639	Range	The maximum distance consumers are prepared to travel to acquire goods	155