AP Statistics (Osterland) Flashcards
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| 10580091589 | Variable | A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values. | 0 | |
| 10580091590 | Data | Values that variables can assume. | 1 | |
| 10580091591 | Random variable | Variables whose values are determined by chance. | 2 | |
| 10580091592 | Statistics | The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. | 3 | |
| 10580091593 | Data set | A collection of data values. | 4 | |
| 10580091594 | Data value (Datum) | Each value in the data set. | 5 | |
| 10580091595 | Descriptive statistics | Consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data. | 6 | |
| 10580091596 | Inferential statistics | Consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. | 7 | |
| 10580091597 | Probability | The chance of an event occurring. | 8 | |
| 10580091598 | Population | All of the subjects that are being studied. | 9 | |
| 10580091599 | Sample | A group of subjects selected from a population. | 10 | |
| 10580091600 | Hypothesis testing | The decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population. | 11 | |
| 10580091601 | Qualitative variables | Variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute. | 12 | |
| 10580091602 | Quantitative variables | Numerical and can be ordered or ranked. | 13 | |
| 10580091603 | Discrete variables | Assume values that can be counted. | 14 | |
| 10580091604 | Continuous variables | Can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values. They are obtained by measuring. They often include fractions and decimals. | 15 | |
| 10580091605 | Nominal level of measurement | Classifies data into mutually exclusive (non-overlapping) categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data. | 16 | |
| 10580091606 | Ordinal level of measurement | Classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist. | 17 | |
| 10580091607 | Interval level of measurement | Ranks data and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero. | 18 | |
| 10580091608 | Ratio level of measurement | Possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population. | 19 | |
| 10580091609 | Random samples | Selected by using chance methods or random numbers. | 20 | |
| 10580091610 | Systematic sampling | Numbering each subject of the population and then selecting every kth subject. | 21 | |
| 10580091611 | Stratified samples | Dividing the population into groups (called strata) according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then sampling from each group. | 22 | |
| 10580091612 | Cluster samples | The population is divided into groups called clusters by some means such as geographic area or schools in a large school district, etc. | 23 | |
| 10580091613 | Convenience sample | The researcher selects the easiest population members from which to obtain information. | 24 | |
| 10580091614 | Observational study | The researcher observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations. | 25 | |
| 10580091615 | Experimental study | The researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables. | 26 | |
| 10580091616 | Quasi-experimental study | A study that uses intact groups rather than random assignment of subjects to groups. | 27 | |
| 10580091617 | Independent variables (Explanatory variable) | The variable that is being manipulated by the researcher. | 28 | |
| 10580091618 | Dependent variable (Outcome variable) | The resultant variable. | 29 | |
| 10580091619 | Treatment group | The group that receives the treatment. | 30 | |
| 10580091620 | Control group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | 31 | |
| 10580091621 | Hawthorne effect | A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied. | 32 | |
| 10580091622 | Confounding variable | A variable that influences the dependent or outcome variable but wasn't separated from the independent variable. | 33 |