AP World History Chapter 22 Flashcards

9398961614	decolonization	process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation.	0
9398961615	Indian National Congress	Organization established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a voice in the governance of India; became a major popular movement that won India's independence from Britain.	1
9398961616	Mahatma Gandhi	a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain	2
9398961617	Muslim League	a response to the Indian National Congress in India's struggle for independence from Britain; the League's leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan.	3
9398961618	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	leader of India's All-India Muslim League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876-1948).	4
9398961619	Abdul Ghaffar Khan	a Pashtun independence activist against the rule of the British Raj.	5
9398961620	African National Congress	South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994.	6
9398961621	Nelson Mandela	South African nationalist (b. 1919) and leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty-seven years on charges of treason, sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison.	7
9398961622	Black Consciousness	South African movement that sought to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among the country's African majority and often resorted to violent protest against white minority rule.	8
9398961623	military government	the government established by a military commander in conquered territory to administer the military law declared by him under military authority applicable to all persons in the conquered territory and superseding any incompatible local law	9
9398961625	globalization of democracy	Democratic globalization is a social movement towards an institutional system of global democracy that would give world citizens a say in world organizations.	10
9398961626	import substitution industrialization	a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production.	11
9398961627	export-led industrialization	a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage.	12
9398961628	Mustafa Kemal Atatürk	founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881—1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state.	13
9398961629	Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini	Important Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.	14
9398961630	satyagraha	"truth force"; Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy, which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action.	15