AP Biology- Biochemistry Flashcards

6109351100	ionic bond	bond resulting from a transfer of electrons	0
6109351101	covalent bond	bond resulting from the sharing of electrons	1
6109351102	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	2
6109351103	polar	electrons shared unequally	3
6109351104	buffer	substance that resists changes in pH	4
6109351105	isomer	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure	5
6109351106	structural isomer	isomer differing in the arrangement of atoms	6
6109351107	geometric isomer	isomer differing in the spacial arrangement of double bonds	7
6109351108	optical isomers / enantiomer	isomers that are mirror images of each other	8
6109351109	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	9
6109351110	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose	10
6109351111	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released	11
6109351112	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water	12
6109351113	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates	13
6109351114	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	14
6109351115	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	15
6109351116	glycerol	alcohol portion of a lipid	16
6109351117	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	17
6109351118	saturated fat	fat without double bonds	18
6109351119	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds	19
6109351120	steroid	lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone	20
6109351121	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers	21
6109351122	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds	22
6109351123	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds	23
6109351124	tertiary structure	3D conformation formed; determines specificity	24
6109351125	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain	25
6109351126	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)	26
6109351127	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk	27
6109351128	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	28
6109351129	metabolism	sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell	29
6109351130	enzyme	catalytic protein that lowers a reaction's energy of activation	30
6109351131	induced fit model	enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better	31
6109351132	cofactor	inorganic enzyme assist	32
6109351133	coenzyme	organic enzyme assist (vitamins)	33
6109351134	competitive inhibition	compounds that look like the normal substrate compete for the same active site on the enzyme	34
6109351135	noncompetitive inhibition	more than one active site and the substrates do not look like each other	35
6109351136	allosteric inhibition	two active sites, one for a substrate and one for an inhibitor	36
6109351137	cohesion	capacity to resist tension to rupture	37
6109351138	salt	compound that releases ion other than H+ or OH- when dissolved in water	38
6109351139	chemical equilibrium	when the reaction rate is about the same in either direction	39
6109351140	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	40
6109351141	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers	41
6109351142	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules	42
6109351143	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	43
6109351144	van der Waals interactions	tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations	44
6109351145	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	45
6109351146	disulfide bridge	tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another	46
6109351147	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water	47
6109351148	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon	48
6109351149	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	49
6109351150	glycosodic linkage	covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction	50
6109351151	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group	51
6109351152	pyramidine	cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring	52
6109351153	purine	adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring	53
6109351154	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	54
6109351155	carbonyl	carbon double bonded to oxygen; ketones and aldehydes	55
6109351156	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group	56
6109351157	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	57
6109351158	sulfhydryl	sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine	58
6109351159	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	59
6109351160	methyl	carbon bonded to three hydrogens; arrangement determines function of male and female sex hormones	60