AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

13993602989	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
13993602990	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
13993602991	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
13993602992	Umayyad	Following the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs; an Islamic dynasty	3
13993602993	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah, founder of Islam	4
13993602994	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
13993602995	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
13993602996	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
13993602997	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
13993602998	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
13993602999	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
13993603000	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
13993603001	Sunnis	followers of Abu Bakr as the rightful successor	12
13993603002	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
13993603003	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	14
13993603004	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	15
13993603005	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	16
13993603006	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	17
13993603007	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	18
13993603008	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	19
13993603009	Sufism	Mystic offshoot of Islam; more focus on individual spiritual experience; spreads into Asia	20
13993603010	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258	21
13993603011	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	22
13993603012	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	23
13993603013	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	24
13993603014	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	25
13993603015	Mali	empire in west Africa; capital city was Timbuktu	26
13993603016	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	27
13993603017	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	28
13993603018	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	29
13993603019	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	30
13993603020	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	31
13993603021	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	32
13993603022	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	33
13993603023	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	34
13993603024	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	35
13993603025	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	36
13993603026	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	37
13993603027	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	38
13993603028	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	39
13993603029	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	40
13993603030	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	41
13993603031	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	42
13993603032	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	43
13993603033	Vassals	One who received land from a lord in return for military service and/or loyalty	44
13993603034	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	45
13993603035	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	46
13993603036	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	47
13993603037	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	48
13993603038	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	49
13993603039	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	50
13993603040	Wu Zong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	51
13993603041	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	52
13993603042	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Sui emperor; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	53
13993603043	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	54
13993603044	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	55
13993603045	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	56
13993603046	Shoguns	military leaders in Japan	57
13993603047	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	58
13993603048	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	59
13993603049	Chinggis (Genghis) Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	60
13993603050	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	61
13993603051	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	62
13993603052	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	63
13993603053	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	64
13993603054	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	65
13993603055	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	66
13993603056	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	67
13993603057	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	68
13993603058	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	69
13993603059	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	70
13993603060	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	71
13993603061	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	72
13993603066	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		73
13993603062	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	74
13993603063	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	75
13993603067	Bantu Migrations		76
13993603064	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	77
13993603065	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	78