APES-Forestry Flashcards

12399375138	Forestry	Forests may be considered a crop and are often managed as such. Only 5% of original forests in North America are left	0
12399375139	3 Types of Forests:	1. Old Growth Forest 2. Second Growth Forest 3. Plantations or Tree Farms	1
12399375140	Old Growth Forest:	Has never been cut- undisturbed HUGE INCREDIBLE biodiversity because of many different habitats. Same as primary forest.	2
12399375141	Second Growth Forest	Cutting has occurred. New younger forest has re-grown Re-grown forest does not have the same biodiversity and is not as stable as old growth.	3
12399375142	Plantations or Tree Farms	Planted and managed forests or tree stands Trees are all the same age Harvested for commercial use ( economic) Cutting of the rainforest for coconuts, palms, etc	4
12399375143	Deforestation	Destruction of a forest for economic reasons. In the US most deforestation is due to urbanization (building homes, malls, roads)	5
12399375144	Developed (Industrialized) Countries	higher demand for wood but less deforestation (we import wood)	6
12399375145	Developing countries	less demand for wood but more deforestation (they clear more forests for agriculture)	7
12399375146	Deforestation Effects	-Loss of biodiversity. -Deforested watersheds lose soil nutrients in stream runoff. -Erosion increases. -Soil moisture decline- leads to a drier atmosphere downwind from deforested land. -Deforestation contributes to global warming by eliminating carbon storage by tree biomass and by reducing CO2 absorption during photosynthesis.	8
12399375147	Logging	Cutting trees for profit - to use as lumber Despite environmental effects done because economy depends on it.	9
12399375148	Silviculture	managing forests to be used over and over	10
12399375149	3 Main types of forest management	1. Clear cutting 2. Selective cutting 3. Agroforestry	11
12399375150	Clear cutting	-Removal of all the trees in one area. -Destroys habitats, causes erosion, leads to soil degradation, can cause species extinction.	12
12399375151	Selective cutting	-Removes some but not all trees in an area -Less of an impact on the ecosystem Example> Shelter wood cutting - removing only some of the oldest trees - leaves some trees to reseed the forest.	13
12399375152	Agroforestry	-Trees and crops are planted together- mutualism. -Trees create habitats for animals that will kill off pests that would otherwise kill crops. -Roots of trees keep the soil more stable.	14
12399375153	What happens after forest is cut? Succession	Ecological Succession - change in an ecosystem or community over time. Primary succession- succession begins in a lifeless area- like under a glacier that has moved. Secondary succession- when succession occurs in an area that has been cleared, cut, etc.	15
12399375154	Pioneer species	- first organisms that show up - have a high tolerance- can survive anywhere	16
12399375155	Climax community	- The final stage of succession where there is balance in the ecosystem - OLD GROWTH FORESTS ARE CLIMAX COMMUNITIES	17
12399375156	Is forestry sustainable?	If the forest is re-grown it is considered to be a sustainable resource Practices that maintain ecosystem and produce lumber are the best/ most sustainable Forest Stewardship Council - certifies practices as sustainable.	18
12399375157	US GOVT	- owns 35% of land in the US Pres. Lincoln - first national park 1864 - Yosemite National Park System - conserves and manages forests and grasslands- camping, hiking, recreation allowed	19
12399375158	National Forests	Federally owned lands managed for multiple use, including timber harvest, recreation, wildlife and watershed protection. Portions of some national forests have been designated Wilderness Areas, where activities and access are limited.	20
12399375159	Rangelands	Rangelands are natural or semi-natural habitats that are managed for livestock, forage or natural resources (such as in South Dakota in photo).	21
12399375160	Wildlife Refuges	Begun in 1903, the National Wildlife Refuge system focuses particularly on protecting habitat for breeding, wintering and migratory waterfowl. State and federal refuges are oriented toward game management and portions of many are open to seasonal hiking, wildlife observation and hunting. Hunting may be used to help regulate populations of species like deer.	22
12399375161	Green Belts	Open or forest areas at the edges of a city NO building permitted Limit growth of city Can be used as parks -also used for things like grazing cattle.	23
12399375162	3 Kinds of Fires	Surface fires- burn forest underbrush- do little damage to mature trees. Crown fires- start on ground or in canopy of trees- do huge damage to wildlife, humans, homes, burn at HIGH Temperatures Ground Fires- in bogs or swamps - underground- can burn for weeks without knowing	24
12399375163	Forest fires: Good or Bad?	Some forests need fires in order to survive Fire kills large trees so baby trees can grow Some pine trees need the heat of forest fires to crack open seed pods and spread them.	25
12399375164	Controlled burn	Small fires started when conditions are right by forest service Controversial! If no controlled burn dry leaves, needles and wood build up on forest floor more damage can be caused by a bigger fire.	26
12399375165	Healthy Forests Initiative (or HFI), officially the Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003	In response to lots of forest fires in 2002 Thin forest, clear vegetation and trees to help prevent fires. Stop destructive insects and improve fire fighting techniques. Community wildfire protection plans designate areas adjacent to communities that should be thinned so that crown fires will not directly burn into communities.	27
12399375166	Urban Development	Urbanization -historically developed at hubs of trade; e.g. ports, confluences of rivers. Half the world's population lives in urban areas; is increasing particularly in developing countries.	28
12399375167	Urban (suburban) Sprawl	Refers development spreading into formerly rural landscapes. Is characterized by tract housing, shopping malls and automobile transportation. Natural habitats become fragmented and permeable surfaces are replaced with impervious ones. Sprawling suburban development is associated with greater per capita pollution than high density urban areas.	29
12399375168	Transportation	roads, rail lines, waterways and air routes. mass transportation more energy efficient than individual transport. roads provide ready access to areas for commerce, defense and recreation, but diminish the natural ecosystems, enhance erosion and create sources of pollution. Roadless areas have been established on some federal and state lands to protect the natural values of certain landscapes, including their values for wildlife and watersheds.	30
12399375169	Habitat Restoration	Ecosystem services (clean water, decomp of waste) services provided in an undisturbed system. Restoration -repairing damaged environments in order for them to again provide ecosystem services Replacement of a destroyed wetland with a new one	31
12399375170	Sustainable land use:	Instituting policies that prevent urban sprawl (Roughly half the loss of arable land is due to urbanization) designating particular parcels of land for specific uses, including residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural and open space. Compact development involves situating residential areas near commercial and job centers, as well as having access to public transportation.	32
12428149647	SLOSS dilemma	Debate over whether its better to make reserves large in size and few in number or many in number but small in size. Depends on species needing preservation.	33