AP Psychology Flashcards
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| 13894070366 | independent variable | The experimental fact that is going to be manipulated or changed (what is tested or manipulated) | 0 | |
| 13894086185 | dependent variable | behavior or mental process that is being tested (what is measured or changed) | 1 | |
| 13894112247 | operational definition | a statement of the procedures used to define research variables | 2 | |
| 13894118026 | confounding variable | uncontrolled variables that affect the control group and experimental group affecting your results . | 3 | |
| 13894193737 | sympathetic nervous system | fight or flight | 4 | |
| 13894196764 | parasympathetic nervous system | calms the body | 5 | |
| 13894209942 | lateral hypothalamus | part of the hypothalamus that stimulates hunger | 6 | |
| 13894220709 | ventromedial hypothalamus | suppresses hunger | 7 | |
| 13894269962 | frontal lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement; control of the limbic system |  | 8 |
| 13894316431 | parietal lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch; sensory strip |  | 9 |
| 13894373639 | occipital lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information |  | 10 |
| 13894381056 | temporal lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language; wernicke's and broea's area |  | 11 |
| 13894409854 | brain stem | contains: - reticular activating system: arousal - medulla: heart rate and breathing - thalamus: connects the sensory apparatus and the higher brain | 12 | |
| 13894441893 | limbic system | contains: - hypothalamus: regulars basic drives, pleasure center (hunger, thirst, sex) - amygdala: primitive emotions, anger, fear - hippocampus: short term memory | 13 | |
| 13894529928 | neurons/neurotransmitters | - acetylcholine (muscle action, learning, memory) - endorphines (pain relief) |  | 14 |
| 13902408459 | motor cortex | controls voluntary movement |  | 15 |
| 13902518238 | CT/CAT scan | computer generated image that is made up of many different pictures of the brain at different angles | 16 | |
| 13902534537 | EEG | amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface | 17 | |
| 13902539302 | PET scan | measures the different levels of activity in the brain by detecting where a form of glucose is consumed | 18 | |
| 13902562046 | MRI | uses radio waves to produce computer images of different structures of the brain | 19 | |
| 13902574606 | fMRI | reveals blood flow and brain activity of the brain | 20 | |
| 13902621962 | prenatal development | zygote, embryo, fetus | 21 | |
| 13902705168 | Jean Piaget (cognitive development) | Four stages: 1) sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence 2) preoperational (2-6) - cannot think abstractly, black and white, egocentric, cannot grasp the idea of conservation 3) concrete operational (6-12) - can think concretely, understands conservation 4) formal operational (after 12) - moral reasoning develops, concrete and abstract thinking | 22 | |
| 13902843856 | Parenting styles | authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative | 23 | |
| 13902851720 | Erikson (cognitive development) | 8 stages: 1) trust vs. mistrust - infants developing a sense of basic trust 2) autonomy vs. shame - toddlers toilet training, learning of ways to do things themselves 3) initiative vs. guilt - preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent 4) industry vs. inferiority - children learn the pleasure of applying themselves, or they'll feel inferior 5) identity vs. confusion - teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles, or they get confused on who they are 6) intimacy vs. isolation - young adults struggle to find a close relationship for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated 7) Generatively vs. stagnation - middle aged people discover a sense of contribution to the world, may feel like they lack a purpose 8) integrity vs. despair - when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or regret | 24 | |
| 13903075431 | Kohlberg (cognitive development) | three stages: 1) preconventional - right and wrong determined by whether or not you will be punished 2) conventional - you decide appropriate behavior based on what society says 3) post-conventional - requires formal operational thinking: morality | 25 | |
| 13904477556 | Gesalt Psychology | The idea is that the whole, the sum of the parts, is greater than the individual parts. We're hardwired to look for the whole. | 26 | |
| 13904485338 | Figure-ground perception | we can look at a figure against a background. Or we can switch the background to be the figure we're looking at, and the old figure becomes the new ground. Doing this can make us see different things | 27 | |
| 13904577499 | Visual Cliff | babies would not crawl across a glass table because they perceived a drop-off. | 28 | |
| 13904580908 | Monocular cues | 1) Relative height - things seen higher up are perceived as farther away. 2) Relative size - things small are perceived as farther away. 3) Interposition - when things are "stacked", the one that's covered up is farthest, the one that's not covered is closest. 4) Linear perspective - parallel lines, like railroad tracks, converge in the distance; the more they converge, the farther away. 5) Light and shadow - close objects reflect more light; farther ones appear dimmer. 6) Relative motion - while we move, things close to us appear to move fast in the opposite direction | 29 | |
| 13904602068 | sleep stages | - stage one: alpha waves; not fully asleep, extremely relaxed - stage two: lasts about 20 mins, sleep spindles - stage three: slow delta waves - stage four: "deep sleep", lasts 30 mins, where you most likely cannot hear loud noses - REM (rapid eye movement): "5th stage", where your brain is the most active - NREM sleep (non-rapid eye movement): when you circle back through the stages | 30 | |
| 13904637253 | classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) | UCS (unconditioned stimulus) - this is the natural stimulus UCR (unconditioned response) - this is the natural response CS (conditioned stimulus) - this is what's associated to the UCS CR (conditioned response) - this is the response (which is the same as the UCR) | 31 | |
| 13904653542 | Pavlov (behaviorism) | tested his classical conditioning theory on dogs with bells | 32 | |
| 13904703555 | operant conditioning (Skinner) | Fixed ratio - reinforcer is given after a set number of behaviors. Think of being paid for every 10 units you make on an assembly line. Variable ratio - reinforcer is given after a random number of behaviors. Think of pulling a slot machine handle, you never know which pull will win. Fixed interval - reinforcer is given after a set time period. Think of being paid every Friday. Variable interval - reinforcer is given after a random time period. | 33 | |
| 13904767034 | conditioning processes | - Acquisition is the initial learning of a stimulus - Extinction is the diminished association between the UCS and the CS, after the UCS is removed. - Spontaneous recovery emerges even after extinction. This is when, after a time lapse, the association between the UCS and the CS reappears. - Discrimination is drawing the line between responding to some stimuli, but not others. | 34 | |
| 13904803727 | iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second | 35 | |
| 13904813682 | echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds | 36 | |
| 13904841301 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list | 37 | |
| 13910680458 | top-down processing | the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole | 38 | |
| 13910690342 | bottom-up processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information | 39 | |
| 13913164828 | representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes (judgement) | 40 | |
| 13913204134 | availbility heuristic | we make our evaluations based partly on the ease with which we get the information on which we make them (new information) | 41 | |
| 13913234861 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | 42 | |
| 13913248468 | overconfidence | overestimating our power or knowledge | 43 | |
| 13913251740 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence | 44 | |
| 13913260344 | Phomeme | the smallest distinctive sound unit in language | 45 | |
| 13913260346 | morphme | Smallest meaningful unit of a language; used to form words (minimal unit of meaning, and cant be broken into parts) | 46 | |
| 13913286226 | lingustic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think, culture can influence this | 47 | |
| 13913388508 | factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items | 48 | |
| 13913414593 | Alfred Binet | - father of intelligence testing - mental age and chronological age | 49 | |
| 13913440813 | Flynn effect | The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations | 50 | |
| 13913504258 | IQ | mental age/chronological age x 100 | 51 | |
| 13913539142 | David Wechsler | Developed WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) and WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) (IQ tests) | 52 | |
| 13913578522 | drive-reduction theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need | 53 | |
| 13913592128 | instinct theory | focuses on how genetics dictates behavior | 54 | |
| 13913606048 | arousal thoery | focuses on finding the right level of stimulation, we focus on basic needs first, then on to greater things. | 55 | |
| 13913634780 | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization | 56 | |
| 13913651164 | set point | the stable weight that is maintained despite variability in exercise and food intake | 57 | |
| 13913706230 | James-Lange Theory | our bodies react first, then we experience the emotional feeling | 58 | |
| 13913712195 | Cannon-Bard Theory | our bodies reaction and our emotional feeling occur at the same time. | 59 | |
| 13913729033 | Singer-Schachter Two-factor theory | emotions are made up of (1) physical arousal and (2) a cognitive label (we must be actually aware of the physical arousal). | 60 | |
| 13913753204 | autonomic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. | 61 | |
| 13913809909 | adaptation-level phenomenon | our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience | 62 | |
| 13913978456 | General Adaptation Syndrome | - Alarm - Resist - Exhaustion | 63 | |
| 13914463019 | metabolic rate | the rate that we burn energy when at rest | 64 | |
| 13916167729 | defense mechanisms | - Repression: pushing desires that cause anxiety out of consciousness - Regression: going back to a comfortable way when we face a stressful situation - Projection: hides bad desires by projecting them on to others - Rationalization: justification - Displacement: directs unwanted desire toward something more acceptable - Denial: rejecting an idea | 65 | |
| 13916194781 | psychoanalytic theory | - Id: Unconscious desires - Ego: reality - Superego: Moral compass - right from wrong - Conscious: awareness of present perceptions - Preconscious: data that can be brought to the conscious - Unconscious: retained data thats not easily available | 66 | |
| 13916505468 | big five | openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism | 67 | |
| 13916564804 | pyschosexual stages | - oral: 0-8 months, pleasure centers in mouth - anal: 18 months - 3 years, potty training - phallic: 3-6, pleasure centers in genitals - latent: 6 - puberty, sexuality is dormant - genital: past puberty sexuality is mature | 68 | |
| 13924071420 | Carl Jung | 69 | ||
| 13924075807 | Horney | developed a theory based on basic anxiety; rejected the concept of penis envy | 70 | |
| 13924083902 | Adler | Inferiority complex - we when fail to overcome struggles as kids | 71 | |
| 13924093803 | Rogers (Humanist) | 1. Genuineness: being honest with yourself 2. Acceptance: accept others and ourselves for who we are 3. Empathy: should share another's feelings | 72 | |
| 13924101009 | Maslow (Humanist) | - believed that people are basically good and unless stopped, would more towards self-actualization 1. Physiological: hunger and thirst 2. Safety: to feel the world is predictable 3. Belongingness and love: the need to love and feel loved 4. Esteem needs: achievement, independence, recognition 5. Self-actualization: to live to your full potential | 73 | |
| 13924115106 | Criteria for psychological disorders | Deviant, distressful and dysfunctional | 74 | |
| 13924123556 | Schizophrenia | - Paranoid - Disorganized - Catatonic | 75 | |
| 13924141049 | attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition | 76 | |
| 13924147194 | fundamental attribution error | we tend to overestimate a person's natural personality and underestimate the position that they're in. | 77 | |
| 13924162819 | Philip Zimbardo | Stanford Prison Experiment | 78 | |
| 13924184255 | Solomon Asch | Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines. | 79 | |
| 13924201281 | Stanley Milgram | obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions | 80 | |
| 13924205550 | Social facilitation | better performance while someone is watching | 81 | |
| 13924216515 | Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (riots after football games) | 82 | |
| 13924244595 | Group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group | 83 |