AP Language Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

13681748732	alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables Ex. She sells sea shells by the sea shore	0
13681748733	allusion	an indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event Ex. If it doesn't stop raining, I'm going to build an ark.	1
13681748734	analogy	an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things Ex. What strings are to a guitar, love is to life.	2
13681748735	anaphora	the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses Ex. Five years have passed; Five summers, with the length of Five long winters	3
13681748736	anecdote	a short account of an interesting event Ex. John was missing, his family after he moved across the country, but thanks to Facebook, he could stay connected	4
13681748737	annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
13681748738	antimetabole	the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast Ex. Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country	6
13681748739	antithesis	parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas Ex. Love is an Ideal thing, marriage a Real thing.	7
13681748740	aphorism	a short, astute statement of a general truth Ex. A penny saved is a penny earned	8
13681748741	appositive	a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun Ex. Keith, the boy in rumpled shorts and shirt, did not know he was being watched	9
13681748742	archaic diction	the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language Ex. "Thee", "thou", "hither", "mark"	10
13681748743	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	11
13681748744	Aristotelian triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the realtionship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	12
13681748745	assertion	an emphatic statement; declaration.	13
13681748746	assumption	a belief or statement taken for granted without proof	14
13681748747	asyndeton	leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.	15
13681748748	attitude	the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through their tone	16
13681748749	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	17
13681748750	authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	18
13681748751	bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	19
13681748752	cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	20
13681748753	claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	21
13681748754	close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	22
13681748755	colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language.	23
13681748756	common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	24
13681748757	complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	25
13681748758	concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding	26
13681748759	connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning	27
13681748760	context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	28
13681748761	coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	29
13681748762	counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument	30
13681748763	credible	worth of belief, trustworthy	31
13681748764	cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	32
13681748765	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a sentence	33
13681748766	deduction	reasoning from general to specific	34
13681748767	denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	35
13681748768	dialectal journal	A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column.	36
13681748769	diction	word choice	37
13681748770	documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	38
13681748771	elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	39
13681748772	epigram	a brief witty statement	40
13681748773	ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	41
13681748774	explication of text	Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used; also called close reading	42
13681748775	facts	information that is true or demonstrable	43
13681748776	figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	44
13681748777	figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	45
13681748778	fragment	A word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence	46
13681748779	hortatory	urging, or strongly encouraging	47
13681748780	hyperbole	exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	48
13681748781	imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	49
13681748782	imperative sentence	a sentence that requests or commands	50
13681748783	induction	reasoning from specific to general	51
13681748784	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	52
13681748785	irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	53
13681748786	juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis	54
13681748787	logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	55
13681748788	metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	56
13681748789	metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	57
13681748790	modifier	A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause	58
13681748791	narration	Retelling an event or series of events	59
13681748792	nominalization	Turning a verb or adjective into a noun	60
13681748793	occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	61
13681748794	omniscient narrator	An all-knowing, usually third-person narrator.	62
13681748795	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	63
13681748796	pacing	The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an idea is presented.	64
13681748797	paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	65
13681748798	parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	66
13681748799	parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule	67
13681748800	pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	68
13681748801	periodic sentence	A sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause	69
13681748802	persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	70
13681748803	personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects	71
13681748804	polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	72
13681748805	polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	73
13681748806	premise;major,minor	Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise	74
13681748807	pronoun	A word used to replace a noun or noun phrase.	75
13681748808	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	76
13681748809	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	77
13681748810	refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	78
13681748811	rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion	79
13681748812	rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	80
13681748813	rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer	81
13681748814	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	82
13681748815	satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	83
13681748816	scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	84
13681748817	sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	85
13681748818	sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	86
13681748819	simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	87
13681748820	simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	88
13681748821	source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	89
13681748822	speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	90
13681748823	straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	91
13681748824	style	The distinctive qualitiy of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	92
13681748825	subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	93
13681748826	subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	94
13681748827	subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	95
13681748828	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise	96
13681748829	syntax	sentence structure	97
13681748830	synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	98
13681748831	thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	99
13681748832	thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	100
13681748833	tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	101
13681748834	topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	102
13681748835	trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech	103
13681748836	understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	104
13681748837	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	105
13681748838	zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence	106