AP World History Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

11871056477	Effects of Harnessing Fire	ability to sterilize food, protect against predators, adapt to cold weather, tell stories/ share information, bring people together	0
11871061834	The Worst Mistake in the World	Agriculture: It disestablished equality.	1
11871061835	Monotheism	belief in only one God	2
11871065463	Patriarchal Society	society in which men rule their families, and people trace their origins through male ancestors	3
11871074509	Code of Hammurabi	eye for an eye	4
11871083454	Paleolithic Humans vs Neolithic Humans	Paleolithic Humans: Pastoral nomads who migrate constantly and rely on hunting the animals they follow Neolithic Humans: Started to establish settlements, inequality, and classes with the introduction of agriculture	5
11871091581	What events signify the beginning and ending of the Middle Ages?	Beginning: Fall of Rome Ending: Renaissance	6
11871099943	Why are the Middle Ages often referred to as the Dark Ages?	literacy rates were low, society was reverting back to previous ways, advancements were slowing, and Europe was plagued with the Black Death	7
11871099944	Christianity	A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus	8
11871111831	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles get land from the king in exchange for loyalty and military service	9
11871212892	Serfs	an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate	10
11877409091	Fiefs	an estate of land	11
11877413060	Vassal	a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance	12
11871117723	One major effects of the Crusades	1) Christians brought Muslim advancements back to Europe 2) Increased authority of the king 3) Increased trade in Europe	13
11871122837	Significance of Charlemagne	United much of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages	14
11871122838	Battle of Tours	European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe	15
11871132225	What happened at the Council of Clermont?	Pope Urban II called for a holy war to free the Holy Land.	16
11871139397	Who was a typical Crusader and why?	any male who wasn't the oldest son because they were not going to receive an inheritance when their parents passed	17
11871142520	Charles Martel	A Frankish leader who rallied warriors to push Muslims out of France	18
11871151708	How were the vikings able to conquer so many lands?	they executed well-planned, surprise attacks, were skilled fighters, and had ships that could travel far inland quickly	19
11871151709	Two effects of the vikings	1) Vikings brought domestic items abroad to trade (ex: fur) 2) They led exploration and are known as extraordinary craftsmen.	20
11871164158	Social Structure of Medieval Japan	The Feudal System: 1) emperor- treated as a god 2) shogun- general 3) daimyo- private landowners 4) samurai- skilled warriors 5) peasants/ farmers- farmers were highly respected	21
11871169558	Commodore Matthew Perry	A navy commander who became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.	22
11871180134	Cause of Meiji Restoration	1) Internal problems in Japan made ruling difficult 2) The feudal system was decaying, and factions were growing; the emperor wanted unity 3) The emperor wanted to Westernize Japan	23
11871184794	Effects of Meiji Restoration	1) Japan became open to trade 2) Japan became Industrialized	24
11871184795	Samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.	25
11871200580	Bushido	Warrior code of honor	26
11871207202	Kamikaze	"devine wind" - the gods helping Japan	27
11871223099	Seppuku	ritual suicide	28
11871228995	Compare Medieval Japan to Medieval Europe	Both fractured into small states and were ruled by local nobles. - different social structures -peasantry was treated better in Japan	29
11871239510	Civilian occupation of the Mongols	pastoral nomads	30
11871242230	2 effects of the Mongols	1) Trade increased 2) Disease spread	31
11871246026	Tolerance of the Mongols	Religious tolerance as long as they surrendered	32
11871253698	Why did people surrender to the Mongols without a fight?	They were very brutal	33
11871260211	Which great city was sacked by the Mongols in 1258?	Baghdad	34
11871267682	Why did the Mongols migrate out of their original territory?	There wasn't enough food for them. (climate change)	35
11871283608	What was the key to the Mongols military success?	horseback riding adaptability bow and arrow	36
11871333421	How did the Mongols communicate with far reaching places within their empire?	oral messenger system	37
11871340266	Effect the Mongols had on Russia	The Mongols shaped Russia into a farming economy and prevented trade. Russian culture turned toward the East with language, art, and religion.	38
11871355329	How was the Black Plague spread?	Fleas on rats Trade	39
11871358805	2 effects of the Black Plague	1) population decrease in Europe 2)Increase in wages for peasants	40
11871361706	Vernacular	the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region	41
11871361707	Scholasticism	A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason	42
11871366143	Humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements	43
11871370203	Who wrote the Prince?	Machiavelli	44
11871376496	How did the Prince instruct a king to rule?	The ends justify the means	45
11871384828	What does it mean to be a Renaissance man?	to be skilled in many arts	46
11871388416	Where did the Renaissance begin and why?	Italy; major center for trade	47
11871394113	Who invented the printing press and how did it impact literacy?	Gutenberg Increase literacy	48
11871400890	What is the significance of the Medici Family?	They were patrons of the arts in florence	49
11871411212	Major works of art completed by Michelangelo, DaVinci, and Raphael	Michelangelo- David and the Sistine Chapel DaVinci- Mona Lisa and the Last Supper Raphael- Stanza della Segnatura and Stanza d'Eliodoro (known for madonnas and compositions in the Vatican)	50
11871411213	Vasco de Gama	A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean	51
11871417337	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	52
11871417338	SIr Frances Drake	first Englishman to sail around the world	53
11871422292	Henry Hudson	English navigator who discovered the Hudson River	54
11871422293	Amerigo Vespucci	Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America - America is named after him	55
11871426614	Marco Polo	Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.	56
11871431170	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China	57
11871433951	Prince Henry the Navigator	The Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators -established school	58
11871433952	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico	59
11871437515	Fransisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.	60
11871448354	The fall of this city to the Muslim Turks caused Europeans to look for a new route to Asia	Constantinople	61
11871456651	La Malinche	She is considered a traitor by modern day Mexico. Her people were enslaved and she served as a translator and guide to Hernán Cortés. She helped the Spanish make their way into Tenochtitlan.	62
11871470549	Why did some natives assist Cortes in defeating the Aztecs?	They didn't like the Aztecs	63
11871477854	Why did so many natives die out upon the arrival of the European settlers?	The Europeans brought disease (small pox)	64
11871482976	Three Gs	God gold glory	65
11871487431	Who was the first in exploration and why?	Portugal -Prince Henry the Navigator -wanted to find a route to Asia by water	66
11871492651	What were Western European Explorers looking for originally?	-trading route to Asia	67
11871502352	What is the Columbian Exchange? 3 items from each side	- a widespread exchange of animals, plants, human populations, disease, and ideas between the Americas and European explorers America: cotton, corn, potato Europe: cows, horses, wheat	68
11871508552	How was the caravel instrumental in exploration?	Its sails allowed for wind to be caught from any direction. - easy to maneuver	69
11871517470	Encomienda System	Spain awarded land grants and native workers to any spaniard who would settle in "New Spain" - Spaniards would teacch natives catholicism	70
11871527235	How did the Treaty of Tordesillas impact European settlements in North and South America?	Determined what part of North and South America would be owned by Spain and Portugal -affected their language and culture	71
11871530603	Ocean Gyre	Large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces created by Earth's rotation	72
11871540368	Why did Columbus think he could reach Asia by sailing west and why did he choose 1492?	-no one knew how large the world was -He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia He chose 1492 because it was when Ferdinand and Isabella would finance his mission. -end of the reconquista	73
11871544821	Significance of Potosi and Pesos de Ocho	Potosi- mountain of silver Pesos de Ocho- allowed for a common currency to be established -trade increase	74
12075883996	404 BC	Peloponnesian War ends -Macedonia conquers greece	75
12075893494	146 BC	Punic Wars end -Carthage is destroyed	76
12075904950	44 BC	Julius Caesar assassinated -beginning of Roman Empire	77
12075909680	33 CE	Death of Jesus -prophecy fulfilled	78
12075915166	313 CE	Edict of Milan -religious freedom (Christianity grows)	79
12075930029	476 CE	Fall of Rome -Dark Ages	80
12075946808	632 CE	Death of Muhammad -Islam divides (Sunni and Shia)	81
12075955640	711 CE	Islamic Conquest of Spain -Moors rule for years	82
12075968907	732 CE	Battle of Tours -stopped the spread of Islam in Europe	83
12075979142	800 CE	Coronation of Charlemagne -united Western Europe	84
12075987914	1095 CE	First Crusade -Series of wars followed	85
12075996369	1258 CE	Sack of Baghdad -end of golden age of islam	86
12076006997	1347 CE	Plague hits Europe -deaths and end of feudal system	87
12076016995	1453 CE	Fall of Constantinople -Age of Exploration	88
12076031191	1455 CE	Gutenberg Bible -Christianity spreads and literacy rates increase	89
12076044281	1492 CE	Reconquista of Spain -Moors were defeated by Christians	90
12076056510	1517 CE	Martin Luther posts 95 Theses -Protestant Reformation	91