AP World History Chapter 28 Flashcards

13994241537	Alexander I	A tsar of Russia who liked the idea of liberal rhetoric but sponsored the Hold Alliance idea at thr Congress of Vienna.	0
13994241538	Holy Alliance	Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.	1
13994241540	Decembrist Revolt	Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicolas I. Followers were illiterate. Failed. Leaders executed or exiled. Came about over who the rightful heir was after Alex I died.	2
13994241541	Crimean War	Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II.	3
13994241542	Emancipation of the Serfs	Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.	4
13994241543	Zemstvoes	Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy.	5
13994241544	Trans-Siberian Railroad	Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.	6
13994241545	Sergei Witte	Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories in Russia.	7
13994241546	Intelligentsia	Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West.	8
13994241547	Anarchists	Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and Americas in late 19th and early 20th centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881.	9
13994241549	Pogroms	Mass attacks and seizures of property of Jews by Russians.	10
13994241550	Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov	Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik revolution of 1917.	11
13994241551	Bolsheviks	Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution.	12
13994241552	Russo-Japanese War	War between Russia and Japan over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance.	13
13994241553	Russian Revolution of 1905	Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.	14
13994241554	Duma	National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution.	15
13994241555	Stolypin Reforms	Reforms introduced by the Russian minister Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry.	16
13994241556	Kulaks	Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land.	17
13994241557	Turgenev	One of the many Westernizers of Russia who wrote realistic novels that promoted what they saw as modern values.	18
13994241558	Gregor Mendel	Furthered understanding of genetics.	19
13994241559	Ivan Pavlov	Experimented on conditioned reflexes.	20
13994241560	Terakoya	Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males.	21
13994241561	Dutch Studies	Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan.	22
13994241562	Matthew Perry	American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854.	23
13994241563	Mutsuhito	Emperor who encouraged the modernization of Japan. In his name, key samurai leaders put down the troops of the shogunate.	24
13994241564	Iwasaki Yataro	using political connections he gained control of the ships that he had managed as a samurai official and other government ships. From this, he built a shipping line to compete with foreign companies, started a bank, and invested in the enterprises that later became the Mitsubishi combine.	25
13994241565	Diet	Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it.	26
13994241566	Ministry of Industry	One of the most powerful agencies of Japan; at its peak, it essentially ran much of Japanese industrial policy, funding research and directing investment.	27
13994241568	Zaibatsu	Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization.	28
13994241569	Fukuzawa Yukichi	One of the many reformers who toned down their rhetoric after the emperor and conservative advisors stepped back.	29
13994241570	Sino-Japanese War	War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula.	30
13994241571	Yellow Peril	Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region.	31