Evolution AP Biology Flashcards
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| 7408270888 | Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |  | 0 |
| 7408270889 | Evolution | Change in allele frequency in a population over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. |  | 1 |
| 7408270890 | Speciation | A process typically caused by the genetic isolation from a main population resulting in a new groups that cannot mate to produce fertile offspring. |  | 2 |
| 7408270891 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |  | 3 |
| 7408270893 | Sexual Selection | An evolutionary mechanism by which traits that increase the ability of individuals to attract or acquire mates appear with increasing frequency in a population; selection in which a mate is chosen on the basis of a particular trait or traits |  | 4 |
| 7408270894 | Artificial Selection | Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms |  | 5 |
| 7408270895 | Mutation | A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule |  | 6 |
| 7408270905 | Survival of the Fittest | Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection |  | 7 |
| 7408270906 | Adaptation | A characteristic that is necessary for an organism to survive in its environment. |  | 8 |
| 7408270908 | Genetic Drift | A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. |  | 9 |
| 7408270909 | Geographic (Allopatric) Speciation | The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a geographic barrier. |  | 10 |
| 7408270911 | Reproductive Isolating Mechanism | Any barrier that prevents genetic exchange between species | 11 | |
| 7408312988 | Bottleneck | A type of genetic drift that is caused when part of a population is eliminated due to a chance event. | 12 | |
| 7408318433 | Founder Effect | A change in allele frequency that results when a few organisms move to a new location. | 13 | |
| 7408322080 | Chi Square Value | Results from a calculation that measures the differences between observed and expected values. | 14 | |
| 7408327348 | Inverse | The relationship between a Chi-Square Value and a P-Value | 15 | |
| 7408329895 | Critical Value | If a chi square value is higher than this value than the null hypothesis will not be accepted. | 16 | |
| 7408337803 | The 5 tenants of Hardy-Weinberg | No mutation, no natural selection, no sexual selection, no migration, no genetic drift (large population size) | 17 | |
| 7408365064 | Disruptive Selection | When both extreme phenotypes in a population are favored over the mode phenotype. |  | 18 |
| 7408367733 | Directional selection | When one extreme phenotype is favored over the mode or the other extreme. |  | 19 |
| 7408371467 | Stabilizing Selection | When the mode phenotype is favored over the extreme phenotypes. |  | 20 |
| 7408374982 | Cladogram | Shows the relative evolutionary relationship between organisms. |  | 21 |
| 7408379492 | Pre-Zygotic barriers | Reproductive barriers that occur prior to formation of a zygote. |  | 22 |
| 7408383112 | Post-Zygotic Barriers | Reproductive barriers that occur after a zygote is formed. |  | 23 |
| 7408386293 | Selective Pressure | Environmental factors that cause a particular trait to be favorable. |  | 24 |
| 7408394844 | Gene Flow | When allele frequencies change due to migration from one population to another. |  | 25 |
| 7408399040 | Ancestral Characteristic | Characteristics shared by all organisms in a cladogram or phylogenetic tree. |  | 26 |
| 7408406153 | Null Hypothesis | A statistical statement that states that the observed is equal to the expected |  | 27 |
| 7408409269 | Taxis | Orientation behavior of an organism toward or away from an environmental stimulus. |  | 28 |
| 7408413761 | Kinesis | An orientation behavior of an organism to an environmental stimulus that increases movement, but in a random direction. |  | 29 |
| 7408417723 | Phenotype | The trait that an organism displays |  | 30 |
| 7408418677 | Genotype | The alleles an organism has for a trait | | 31 |
| 7408421511 | Temporal Isolation | Resulting from organisms being ready to mate at different times. Prezygotic |  | 32 |
| 7408427530 | Behavioral Isolation | Resulting from organisms having different mating rituals. Prezygotic |  | 33 |
| 7408429179 | Mechanical isolation | Resulting when two organisms cannot physically mate. prezygotic |  | 34 |
| 7408434676 | Geographic Isolation | Resulting when organisms do not encounter each other. Prezygotic |  | 35 |
| 7408445141 | Heritable | Type of variation that has to exist in order for evolution to occur | 36 | |
| 7408448350 | mutation | Ultimate cause of variation in a population |  | 37 |
| 10720126755 | p | frequency of dominant allele (or one of the alleles if none are dominant) | 38 | |
| 10720131030 | q | frequency of recessive allele (or one of the alleles if none are dominant) | 39 | |
| 10720135748 | p2 | frequency of the individuals with 2 dominant or the same allele. | 40 | |
| 10720140966 | q2 | frequency of the individuals with 2 recessive or the same allele | 41 | |
| 10720144735 | 2pq | frequency of heterozygous genotype, or those with one of each allele | 42 | |
| 10720164518 | Hybrid infertility | When individuals of different species can make babies, but babies can't reproduce. Post-zygotic. | 43 | |
| 10720176990 | Hybrid inviability | When individuals of different species can make babies, but babies do not survive. Post-zygotic. | 44 | |
| 10720186073 | Hybrid Breakdown. | When individuals of different species can make babies, but the babies' babies can't reproduce. Post-zygotic. | 45 |