AP Biology Final Review Flashcards

13991137517	Atoms	The basic unit of a chemical element.	0
13991170756	Molecules	a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.	1
13991180432	Organelles	Any of a number of organized or specialized structure within a living cell.	2
13991188932	Cells	the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.	3
13991211138	Organs	a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans.	4
13991200004	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together to produce one or more functions.	5
13991222557	Organisms	an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.	6
13991228227	Homeostasis	Stable internal environment	7
13991232856	Isotope	Same number of protons, different number of neutrons.	8
13991239618	Valence Shell Electrons	Outer electrons. Creates stable atoms when full.	9
13991251547	Amino		10
13991303368	Carbonyl		11
13991309813	Carboxyl		12
13991321090	Hydroxyl		13
13991348077	Sulfhydryl		14
13991329135	Aldehydes		15
13991354153	Ketones		16
13991386497	Hydrolysis Reaction	Macro molecules to building blocks.	17
13991389745	Dehydration Reactions	Building blocks to macromolecules	18
13991394446	Phospholipid	Lipid bilayer	19
13991406913	When and enzyme loses their activity they are denatured due to...	Change in pH, salt conc., and temp.	20
13991426445	Differences between DNA and RNA.	DNA: double stranded, sugar deoxyribose, thymine; RNA: single stranded, sugar ribose, uracil.	21
13991439507	ATP	Molecule that carries chemical energy in a chemical bond.	22
13991444599	Enzymes	Speed up chemical reactions due to lowering activation energy.	23
13991453081	Exergonic Reaction	Reaction where products have at less energy than reactants (energy given off).	24
13991463932	Endergonic Reaction	Reaction where product have more energy than reactants (energy taken in).	25
13991470136	Lysosomes	Digestive enzymes.	26
13991480019	Golgi Apparatus	Stores, modifies, and packages.	27
13991482546	Chloroplast	Photosynthesis, takes up carbon dioxide and gives off oxygen.	28
13991491743	Mitochondria	Energy producer, site of cellular respiration.	29
13991497848	Ribosomes	Site of protein production.	30
13991516303	Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes...	Proks: Small, circular DNA, no membrane bound organelles, no true nucleus (nucleoid), one polymerase,; Euks: Stranded DNA, membrane bound organlles, true membrane bound organelles, 3 polymerases.	31
13991541348	Active Transport	Cell transport requiring energy.	32
13991544124	Passive Transport	Cell transport requiring no energy.	33
13991547359	Osmosis	Transport of water from a high concentration to a low concentration.	34
13991552864	Diffusion	Movement of any material from high to low concentration.	35
13991559068	DNA Replication	Making a copy of the DNA before cell division and occurs during the S phase of interphase.	36
13991576623	A body cell with 24 chromosomes would have how many chromosomes in sex cells?	12 chromosomes	37
13991583795	Phenotype	An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.	38
13991586760	Genotype	Genetic makeup of an organism. Gene combinations.	39
13991595263	Females have what chromosomes?	XX	40
13991599838	Males have what chromosomes?	XY	41
13991605059	Every time there is a zygote that forms...	50% chance of female or male.	42
13991610649	Fungi	eukaryotic, heterotrophic cells with chitinous cell walls.	43
13991619856	Organism	A living thing	44
13991623042	Population	A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.	45
13991631420	Community	All the different populations that live together in an area.	46
13991634739	Ecosystem	A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.	47
13991638087	Biosphere	part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere.	48
13991651281	female sex cell is called the _____; Male sex cell ________.	Egg; Sperm	49
13991657267	A cell with low tugor pressure?	Flaccid	50
13991664617	A cell with high turgor pressure?	Turgid	51
13991666564	Cohesion	Water sticking to water.	52
13991669059	Adhesion	Water sticking to something else.	53
13991700916	Plants are _____________; Fungi are to __________.	Photosynthetic autotrophs; recycling nutrients.	54
13991710286	Natural Selection	Nature choosing which phenotype is strongest to pass on.	55
13991722226	Stabalizing Selection	Favors average version of the trait.	56
13991731353	Directional Selection	Favors one extreme.	57
13991738451	Disruptive Selection	Favors both extremes.	58
13992237884	Darwin's Voyage on the HMS Beagle	Finches: Beak shape related to food source on island.	59
13992250782	Homologous Structures	Structures with same structure but different function.	60
13992261407	Analogous Structure	Same function but different structure.	61
13992272999	Vestigial Structure	Structure with little to no use.	62
13992276990	Dispersion	How organisms are scattered in a habitat. Even, clumped, random.	63
13992289228	Exponential Growth Curve	J -Shaped curve (can't last forever).	64
13992302253	Logistical Growth Curve	5 -Shaped curve (factors in Carrying Capacity (K)).	65
13992314564	Food Chain	Series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.	66
13992309376	Food Web	A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains.	67
13992326011	DNA Polymerase	Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule.	68
13992330102	Primase	An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.	69
13992332521	Helicase	An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands.	70
13992335242	Telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.	71
13992343188	Topoisomerase	Corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.	72