AP US History Chapter 29 Flashcards

12544210079	New Jersey	- NJ bosses offered Wilson the nomination - Superb powers of leadership and eloquence made NJ look like one of the more liberal states	0
12544210080	New Freedom program (definition)	Stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Took action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts	1
12544210081	Pro-Roosevelt Progressive convention	- 2k delegates from 40 states, symbolized the rising political status of women and support for social justice - Felt "as strong as a bull moose"	2
12544210082	The _________ virtually guaranteed a Democrat victory	Roosevelt/Taft dispute	3
12544210083	New Nationalism vs New Freedom - similarities	Both favored a more active government role in economic and social affairs	4
12544210084	Roosevelt's New Nationalism vs Wilson's New Freedom - differences	- TR believed in continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington, woman suffrage, as well as social welfare* (minimum wage and socialistic social insurance) - Wilson favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and non-monopolized markets. Shunned social-welfare proposals and pinned economic faith on competition. Fragmentation of the big industrial combines by vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws	5
12544210085	1912 election - events, significance, etc.	- Offered voters a choice of policies and political/economic philosophies — rare - Heat of the campaign cooled when TR was shot and suspended active campaigning for 2 weeks but went to his speech anyway - William Jennings Bryan sided with Wilson	6
12544210086	Progressive party's future	- Elected few candidates to state and local offices - No patronage → less supporters - Helped spur the enactment of many of their pet reforms by the Wilsonian Democrats	7
12544210087	Result of the 1912 election	- Wilson was a minority president - Republicans put into minority status in Congress for 6 years and out of the WH for 8 - Taft became chief justice of the SC in 1921	8
12544210088	________ was the 2nd Democratic president since 1861 and the first man from a seceded southern state to reach the White House since Zachary Taylor	Woodrow Wilson	9
12544210089	Characteristics of Woodrow Wilson	- Sympathized with the Confederacy's attempts to gain independence - Self-determination (Jeffersonian democracy) - Sincerity and moral appeal - President should play a dynamic role — Congress could not function unless the president got out in front and provided leadership - Idealism - Stubborn (would break before he would bend, unlike TR)	10
12544210090	Triple wall of privilege	What Wilson referred to as the tariff, the banks, and the trusts	11
12544210091	Underwood Tariff	Substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented federal income tax. By 1917, the revenue from the income tax surpassed recipients from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened. -- Went in front of Congress to present his idea instead of having a clerk do it	12
12544210092	Banking and currency problems	- Outgrown by the Republic's economic expansion - Financial structure under the Civil War National Banking Act revealed defects - Panic of 1907 - inelasticity of currency - Banking reserves concentrated in NY and other big cities — could not be mobilized in times of financial stress	13
12544210093	Republican senator Aldrich	Congress authorized investigation headed by him — special commission recommended a gigantic bank with numerous branches (3rd Bank of US)	14
12544210094	Arsene Pujo (Pujo Committee)	House committee traced the rich and went into the secrets of American banking and business	15
12544210095	Louis D. Brandeis	Wrote Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use it (1914) - fanned the flames of reform	16
12544210096	Federal Reserve Act (IMPORTANT!)	- Wilson went to Congress again and wanted a decentralized bank in government hands as opposed to Republican demands for a huge private bank with 15 branches -- Definition: Act establishing 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the unpredictable banking sector (carried the nation through the financial crises of WWI) - Board also issued "Federal Reserve Notes" backed by commercial paper (amount in circulation could be increased as needed)	17
12544210097	Federal Trade Commission Act	(1914) Empowered a presidentially appointed commission to search for industries engaged in interstate commerce (meat-packers). Commissioners expected to crush the monopoly at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices (unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery)	18
12544210098	Clayton Antitrust Act	(1914) Lengthened the Sherman Act's list of business practices that were deemed objectionable (price discrimination and interlocking directorates). Also sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution while explicitly legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing. Was not unintentionally used against labor -- Clamped down on Holding companies	19
12544210099	Holding companies	Company that owns part or all of the company's stock to extend monopoly control. Often doesn't exist to produce goods but to control other companies (CATA clamped down on these companies when they obstructed competition)	20
12544210100	Danbury Hatters Case	Striking hat-makers were assessed triple damages of more than $250k that resulted in the loss of their savings and home	21
12544210101	__________, the leader of the __________, praised the CAA	Samuel Gompers, AFL	22
12544210102	Federal Farm Loan Act	(1916) Made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest (Populists!!)	23
12544210103	Warehouse Act	(1916) Authorized loans on the security of staple crops (Populists!!)	24
12544210104	__________ and ___________ were also among the reforms of Wilsonian Progressivism	Highway construction and establishment of agricultural extension work in state colleges	25
12544210105	La Follette Seaman's Act	(1915) Required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships. Crippled America's merchant marine (freight rates spiraled upward with the crew's wages)	26
12544210106	Workingmen's Compensation Act	(1916) Granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability	27
12544210107	Keating-Owen Act (Wick's Bill)	Short-lived act restricting child labor on products flowing into interstate commerce (SC invalidated it in Hammer v. Dagenhart)	28
12544210108	Adamson Act	Established an 8-hour workday for all employees on trains in interstate commerce with extra pay for overtime	29
12544210109	Limitations of Wilsonian Progressivism	- Enmity from businesspeople but became endeared to Progressives when he nominated Louis D. Brandeis - Didn't pass for reforms for better treatment of blacks; presided over accelerated segregation in federal bureaucracy Ex: Delegation of black leaders protested to him, so he froze them out of his office	30
12544210110	1916 election for Wilson	- Needed to identify himself clearly as the candidate of progressivism - Appeased businesspeople by making conservative appointments to the FRB and the FTA, but most energy was devoted to cultivating progressive support	31
12544210111	Wilson's actions against dollar diplomacy	- In office a week so far, said the government would no longer offer special support to American investors in LA and China - American bankers pulled out the next day	32
12544210112	Repeal of the Panama Canal Tolls Act	(1912) Exempted American coastwise shipping from tolls and provoked sharp protests from Britain	33
12544210113	Jones Act (1916)	Granted to the PHL the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established	34
12544210114	California Alien Land Law of 1913 and Fortress Corregidor	1913 - CA legislature prohibited Japanese settlers from owning land - Tokyo protested - Fortress Corregidor (PHL), American gunners were put on high alert - Wilson dispatched SoS WJB to plead with the CA legislature -> less tension	35
12544210115	1914-1915 in Haiti - assassination of Haitian president	In 1915, Wilson then reluctantly dispatched marines to protect American lives and property (remained for 19 years, made a protectorate)	36
12544210116	Haitian-American Convention	Concluded a treaty with Haiti providing for US supervision of finances and the policy	37
12544210117	Purchase of the Virgin Islands	1917, US bought it from Denmark. Made the US a larger force in foreign involvement	38
12544210118	Revolution in Mexico	- Revolted in 1913, murdered the popular president and installed General Victoriano Huerta (Indian) in his position - Resulted in mass migration to the US — often worked on highways and RRs or as fruit harvesters - Often separated into Spanish-speaking enclaves that made a unique borderland culture	39
12544210119	Foreign intervention in Mexico	- Americans wanted intervention, but Wilson refused to practice dollar diplomacy - Wilson sent aggressive ambassador to Mexico (he refused to recognize Huerta as the govt leader) - Allowed American arms to flow to Huerta's principal rivals (Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Villa)	40
12544210120	Tampico Incident	(1914) An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. War was avoided (ABC powers mediated), and Huerta was put out of power (Venustiano Carranza in) - Tensions grew between US and MX	41
12544210121	Francisco Villa ("Pancho" Villa)	- Chief rival to Venustiano Carranza (Wilson now reluctantly supported) - Hauled 16 young American mining engineers off a train and killed them - A month later, into Columbus, NM, and murdered 19 more Americans	42
12544210122	General John J. Pershing ("Black Jack")	- Ordered to break up the band - Organized thousands of troops and penetrated into Mexico - Clashed with Carranza's forces and mauled the Villistas (didn't capture Villa) - Withdrawn in Jan 1917 (War with Germany)	43
12544210123	Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria	1914 - Serb patriot Gavrilio Princip killed the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo while eating a sandwich (what a classy fellow) - Vienna govt backed by Germany -> Threat to Serbia	44
12544210124	European affairs after the assassination	- Serbia (backed by Russia) refused to bow down - Russia and France advanced on Germany - Germany attacked France through Belgium (neutral) - GB now involved	45
12544210125	Central Powers	Germany and Austria-Hungary (later Turkey and Bulgaria)	46
12544210126	Allies	France, Britain, and Russia (later Japan and Italy)	47
12544210127	Wilson's proclamation of neutrality — effect on European powers	Both wanted American involvement, not neutrality - British: Close economic, cultural, and linguistic ties - Germans and Austro-Hungarians: Natural sympathies with transplanted countrymen (many immigrants)	48
12544210128	Anti-German sentiment	- Kaiser Wilhelm II seemed to be the embodiment of arrogant autocracy (and the strike at neutral Belgium) - Tarnished the image of the Central Powers in American eyes when they went to violence in American ports and factories - 1915: German operative left briefcase on an NY elevated car, documents for sabotage discovered	49
12544210129	Most Americans wanted to ________ WWI	stay out of	50
12544210130	Financial Crisis of 1914	- American industry onto prosperity - Financed by American bankers (JP Morgan and Company) advanced to the Allies $2.3 billion during American neutrality	51
12544210131	Europe's reaction to American investment even during neutrality	- Great Powers protested even though it didn't violate neutrality laws - Germany couldn't trade because the British blocked them in the North Sea - Britain forced trade between US and Germany away, now only Britain	52
12544210132	Announcement of the U-boat Campaign	- Berlin announced a submarine war area around the British Isles - Wilson warned that it would be held to "strict accountability" for any attacks on American vessels or citizens	53
12544210133	U-boats	German submarines (Unterseeboot) proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone. U-boat attacked played an important role in drawing the US into WWI	54
12544210134	Lusitania	British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by Germans on 7 May 1915. Killed 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the US closer to war	55
12544210135	Wilson's actions of the Lusitania	- Refused to go into war with a disunited country (remembered the War of 1812) - Attempted to use diplomatic notes to punish the German warlords publically	56
12544210136	Arabic British liner	Berlin reluctantly agreed to not sink unarmed passenger ships without warning	57
12544210137	Aftermath of the Arabic liner	- Appeared violated when Germans torpedoed the Sussex - Wilson said unless they stopped sinking merchant ships without warning, he would break diplomatic relations - Agreed with a string: US would have to persuade the Allies to modify what Berlin regarded as their illegal blockade (which they could not do) - Wilson accepted the pledge without the string - Temporary victory (Germany could pul the string whenever it chose*	58
12544210138	TR refused to split the Republican party again. Explain the effects of it	- Progressives and Republican admirers wanted Teddy, but the Old Guard detested him since he split the party - Drafted SC Justice Charles Evans Hughes (liberal record when governor of NY)	59
12544210139	Republican platform	Condemned Democratic tariff, assaults on the trusts, and Wilson's feebleness in dealing with MX and Germany	60
12544210140	Charles Evan Hughes	Went to campaigning for the Republican party, condemned Wilson for not standing up to the kaiser in anti-German areas but softer appeals in isolationist areas (became known as ("Charles Evasive Hughes")	61
12544210141	"He Kept Us Out of War"	Wilson's campaign slogan in 1916	62
12544210142	Wilson owed his votes to:	the Midwest and the West (progressive and anti-war policies)	63
12544210143	Supporters of Wilson	Working class and renegade bull moosers	64
12544210144	Wilson's lame-duck worry	Hughes, if victorious, would be appointed to secretary of state, Wilson and the VP would resign, and Hughes would thus succeed immediately to the presidency due to a time of great international tensions	65