Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 6726197145 | What is an atom made of? | Protons, neutrons and electrons | 0 | |
| 6726197146 | What is the charge of an atom? | Neutral because the number of protons and electrons are equal | 1 | |
| 6726197147 | What is the charge of a proton? | + | 2 | |
| 6726197148 | What is the charge of an electron? | - | 3 | |
| 6726197149 | What is ground state? | When all the electrons in the atom have the worst available energy levels | 4 | |
| 6726197150 | What is it called when the electrons in the atom are at a high level of energy? | Excited state | 5 | |
| 6726197151 | What are isotopes? | Atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nuclues | 6 | |
| 6726197152 | Where are the neutrons and protons located? | The nucleus | 7 | |
| 6726197153 | Where are the electrons located? | The electron clouds | 8 | |
| 6726197154 | What is a half life? | The time it takes from a radioactive isotope to decay in half | 9 | |
| 6726197155 | What are radioactive isotopes called? | Radioisotopes | 10 | |
| 6726197156 | What can radioactive iodine be used for? | Diagnose and treat thyroid diseases | 11 | |
| 6726197157 | What is a tracer? | A radioactive isotope that can be incorporated into the biological pathways to track the movement of certain elements | 12 | |
| 6726197158 | What is released when a bond is formed? | Energy | 13 | |
| 6726197159 | What must be applied to break a bond? | Energy | 14 | |
| 6726197160 | What is an ionic bond? | Electrons are transformed | 15 | |
| 6726197161 | What is the atom that loses an electron called? | Cation | 16 | |
| 6726197162 | What is the ion that gains an electron called? | Anion | 17 | |
| 6726197163 | What is a covalent bond? | Electrons are shared | 18 | |
| 6726769531 | What is the structure created by a covalent bond called? | A molecule | 19 | |
| 6726769532 | What is the bond called if the electrons are shared equally? | Nonpolar | 20 | |
| 6726769533 | Where is this type of bond found? | Diatomic molecules | 21 | |
| 6726769534 | What is the bond called if the electron are not shared equally? | Polar covalent bond | 22 | |
| 6726769535 | What does hydrophilic mean? | Will dissolve in water (polar) miscible | 23 | |
| 6726769536 | What is water known as? | The universal solvent | 24 | |
| 6726769537 | What does hydrophobic mean? | Does not dissolve in water (nonpolar) not miscible | 25 | |
| 6726769538 | What is the plasma membrane made of? | Phospholipid bilayer | 26 | |
| 6726769539 | What can cross the plasma membrane? | Nonpolar molecules | 27 | |
| 6726769540 | Is water polar or nonpolar? | Polar | 28 | |
| 6726769541 | What has the negative charge in water? | Oxygen | 29 | |
| 6726769542 | What has the positive charge in water? | Hydrogen | 30 | |
| 6726769543 | What bond holds water together? | Hydrogen bond | 31 | |
| 6726769544 | Is a hydrogen bond strong or weak? | Weak | 32 | |
| 6726769545 | What does the high specific heat capacity of water do for the environment? | It prevents large bodies of changing temperature drastically so the marine biome can survive | 33 | |
| 6726769546 | What does the high heat of vaporization water do for humans? | Evaporating water requires absorption of heat, so evaporation of sweat cools the body surface | 34 | |
| 6726769547 | Adhesion | The attraction between water and another substance | 35 | |
| 6726769548 | Cohesion | The attraction between water molecules | 36 | |
| 6726769549 | What does adhesion and cohesion allow? | Transpirational-pull cohesion tension, capillary action and surface tension | 37 | |
| 6726769550 | Is water less or more dense as a solid? | Less dense which allows ice to float and is why marine life survives during the winter | 38 | |
| 6726769551 | What is the spring overturn? | When the ice melts the water becomes denser and sinks to the bottom causing the nutrients to be filtered to the top of the water | 39 | |
| 6726769552 | What is pH? | A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a solution | 40 | |
| 6726769553 | What is a ph of 7 considered? | Neutral | 41 | |
| 6726769554 | What is pH lower than 7 considered? | Acidic | 42 | |
| 6726769555 | What is a pH higher than 7 considered? | Basic | 43 | |
| 6726769556 | What is the difference between one pH level? | Times 10 | 44 | |
| 6726769557 | What is the pH of human blood? | 7.4 | 45 | |
| 6726769558 | What is the concentration of hydrogen at acidic? | Higher | 46 | |
| 6726769559 | What is the concentration. If hydrogen at basic? | Lower | 47 | |
| 6726769560 | What are buffers? | Substances that prevent pH change | 48 | |
| 6726769561 | What is the most important buffer in the human body? | Bicarbonate ion | 49 | |
| 6726769562 | What are isomers? | Organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structure | 50 | |
| 6726769563 | What are structural isomers? | Differ in the arrangement of their atoms | 51 | |
| 6726769564 | What are CIs-trans isomers? | Differ only in the spatial arrangement around double bonds (less flexible than single bonds) | 52 | |
| 6726769565 | What are enantiomers? | Are molecules that are mirror images of each other (L and D versions) | 53 | |
| 6726769566 | What are all living organisms made of? | Organic compounds (carbon) | 54 | |
| 6726769567 | What are the four types of organic molecules? | Carbonhydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids | 55 | |
| 6726769568 | What are carbohydrates used for in the body? | Fuel and building materials | 56 | |
| 6726769569 | What are monosaccharides? | Glucose, galactose, and fructose | 57 | |
| 6726769570 | What are disaccharides? | Two monosaccharides | 58 | |
| 6726769571 | How are disaccharides made? | The removal of water called dehydration synthesis of condensation? | 59 | |
| 6726769572 | Glucose + glucose = | Maltose | 60 | |
| 6726769573 | Glucose + galactose= | Lactose | 61 | |
| 6726769574 | Glucose +fructose= | Sucrose | 62 | |
| 6726769575 | What is hydrolysis? | The breakdown of a compound by adding water | 63 | |
| 6726769576 | What are polysaccharides? | Macromolecules of monosaccharides | 64 | |
| 6726769577 | What polysaccharides are used in plants? | Cellulose (makes up the cell walls) Starch (storage amylose and amylopectin) | 65 | |
| 6726769578 | What polysaccharides are used in animals? | Chitin (make up the exoskeleton of animals) Glycogen (strode in human liver) | 66 | |
| 6726769579 | What are lipids? | Fats, oil, waxes and steroids | 67 | |
| 6726769580 | Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | Hydrophobic | 68 | |
| 6726769581 | What are lipids made of? | 3 fatty acids and a glycerol | 69 | |
| 6726769582 | What is a fatty acid? | A hydrocarbon chain with a carbonyl group | 70 | |
| 6726769583 | What do saturated fatty acids have? | Single bonds | 71 | |
| 6726769584 | What do unsaturated fatty acids have? | At least one double bond | 72 | |
| 6726769585 | Whoa are steroid's structure? | They consist of four fused rings | 73 | |
| 6726769586 | How are lipids used in energy storage? | Lipids release energy when burned | 74 | |
| 6726769587 | How are lipids used structurally? | Phospholipids make up the cell membrane | 75 | |
| 6726769588 | How are lipids used in the endocrine system? | Steroids are hormones | 76 | |
| 6726769589 | What is the structure of a phospholipid? | 2 hydrophobic tails facing the inside and a hydrophilic head on the outside | 77 | |
| 6726769590 | What are the functions of proteins? | Growth and repair Signaling from one cell to another Regulation: hormone Enzymatic activity Movement (muscle contractions) | 78 | |
| 6726769591 | What are proteins made of? | Polymers or polypeptides of amino acids? | 79 | |
| 6726769592 | What bond makes up proteins? | Polypeptide bond | 80 | |
| 6726769593 | What makes up an amino acid? | A carbonyl group, an amine group and an R group | 81 | |
| 6726769594 | What determines the function of the protein? | The shape or conformation | 82 | |
| 6726769595 | What is the primary structure of proteins? | Linear sequence of amino acids | 83 | |
| 6726769596 | What is the secondary structure of proteins? | Hydrogen bonds within polypeptide causes the shape to start to form (alpha helix of beta pleated sheet) | 84 | |
| 6726769597 | What are secondary proteins called? | Fibrous proteins | 85 | |
| 6726769598 | What secondary protein make sup human hair? | Keratin | 86 | |
| 6726769599 | What is the quaternary structure? | Multiple polypeptide chains bonding | 87 | |
| 6726769600 | What is the tertiary structure? | 3-D shape | 88 | |
| 6726769601 | What does the tertiary structure determine? | Specificity | 89 | |
| 6727117082 | What is it called when a change in the environment causes the protein to lose its shape? | Denaturing | 90 | |
| 6727117083 | What helps fold proteins? | Chaperone proteins or chaperonins | 91 | |
| 6727117084 | What are prions? | Proteins that cause disease caused by the misfolding of other proteins | 92 | |
| 6727117085 | What three techniques reveal the 3 D structure of proteins? | X-ray crystallography, unceasing magnetic Resonance and bioinformatics | 93 | |
| 6727117086 | What are the two types of nuclear acids? | RNA (ribonucleic acids) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) | 94 | |
| 6727117087 | What are nuclear acids made of? | Nucleotides | 95 | |
| 6727117088 | What are nucleotides made of? | Phosphate, 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogen base | 96 | |
| 6727117089 | What are the bases? | Adenine and thymine (DNA) or uracil (RNA) Cytosine and guanine | 97 | |
| 6727117090 | What are functional groups? | The components of organic molecules that is involved of the chemical reaction | 98 | |
| 6727117091 | What is the compound hydroxyl makes? | Alcohol | 99 | |
| 6727117092 | What is the first law of thermodynamics? | Energy can not be created or destroyed just transferred (law of conservation of energy) | 100 | |
| 6727117093 | What is the second law of thermodynamics? | During energy conversions, entropy (the disorder of the universe) is increased | 101 | |
| 6727117094 | What is Gibb's free energy? | Energy available to do work in the cell | 102 | |
| 6727117095 | What is it called when a reaction releases energy? | Exergonic | 103 | |
| 6727117096 | What is it called when a reaction absorbs energy? | Endergonic | 104 | |
| 6727117097 | Exergonic reactions power Endergonic reactions so they are considered? | Coupled | 105 | |
| 6727117098 | What is Metabolism? | The sum of all chemical reactions that take place in a cell | 106 | |
| 6727117099 | What are reactions that break down molecules called? | Catabolism | 107 | |
| 6727117100 | What are reactions that build up molecules called? | Anabolism | 108 | |
| 6727117101 | Metabolic reactions take place in? | Pathways | 109 | |
| 6727117102 | What do enzymes do? | They are catalytic proteins that spend up a reaction by lowering the activation energy | 110 | |
| 6727117103 | What is the transition state? | The reactive (unstable) condition of the substance after sufficient energy has been absorbed | 111 | |
| 6727117104 | What are enzymes? | Globular proteins and exhibit the tertiary structure | 112 | |
| 6727117105 | What does an enzyme bind to? | A substrate | 113 | |
| 6727117106 | What is an induced-fit? | A substrate binds to an enzymes active site and the enzyme alters it shape to better fit the substrate | 114 | |
| 6727117107 | What is an enzyme bound to a substrate called? | An enzyme-substrate complex | 115 | |
| 6727117108 | What are coenzymes? | Enzymes that help enzymes (vitamins) | 116 | |
| 6727117109 | What are cofactors? | Inorganic molecules that help enzymes | 117 | |
| 6727117110 | What is competitive inhibition? | Regulate enzymes by competing inhibitors bindi to the active site of the enzyme | 118 | |
| 6727117111 | What is no competitive inhibition? | Noncompetitive inhibitors of allosteric regulators bind to the allosteric site and it alters the shape of the enzyme preventing it to bind to substrates | 119 | |
| 6727117112 | What is feedback inhibition in noncompetitive inhibition? | The end product if the pathway is a the Eric inhibitor for an enzyme that catalysts an early step in the pathway | 120 | |
| 6727117113 | What is cooperativity? | Allosteric activation that binds to an enzyme and keeps it activcated | 121 |