AP Psych ~ Language & Memory Flashcards

13260668229	Phoneme	basic unit of sound in spoken language	0
13260668230	Morpheme	smallest meaningful sound; simple words, prefixes, suffixes	1
13260668231	Grammar	rules for combining sounds and words to communicate meaning	2
13260668232	Syntax	rules that regulate the order of words	3
13260668233	Semantics	rules that enable us to derive meaning	4
13260668234	Babbling	produces phonemes; narrows around 10 months	5
13260668235	One-2 years	uses holophrase (one word)	6
13260668236	Telegraphic speech	use of two-word phrases, typically a verb and noun (eat cookie)	7
13260668237	Age 3	-following rules of grammar -"I goed to the store"	8
13260668238	Overgeneralization	a child applies grammatical rules without making exceptions	9
13260668239	Skinner	believed that we learn language through familiar learning principles	10
13260668240	Association	sights of things and sounds of the words	11
13260668241	Imitation	words and syntax modeled from others	12
13260668242	Reinforcement	acknowledged positively when they speak correctly	13
13260668243	Noam Chomsky	-our brains are pre-wired for a universal grammar of nouns, verbs, objects, and questions -his language acquisition device is the developing brains blueprint for developing language; occurs during a critical period	14
13261324110	Memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information	15
13270725421	Flashbulb memory	occurs with significant and emotional events, as if to capture an image	16
13270750574	Encoding	process of putting information into the memory system	17
13270754361	Storage	retention of encoded information over time	18
13270757784	Retrieval	process of getting information out of the memory stage	19
13270764030	Shallow processing	structural encoding of superficial sensory information based on the physical characteristics of the stimulus as it first comes in	20
13270771146	Semantic encoding	deeper processing, emphasizes the meaning of verbal input	21
13271461788	Deep processing	attaching meaning to information; associate with new and existing memories	22
13271540623	Self-referent encoding	processing information deemed important or relevant more deeply	23
13271551167	Three-Stage Model of Memory	*Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: -Sensory memory -Short-term memory -Long-term memory	24
13271566835	Sensory Memory	-Memory that is just long enough to be perceived -Typically lost quickly	25
13271575988	Visual or iconic memory	represents a visual stimulus that lasts for less than a second	26
13271583078	Auditory or echoic memory	lasts for about four seconds, just long enough to hear a flow of information	27
13271591791	Sensory memory store	Divided into two subtypes: -iconic memory-visual information -echoic memory-auditory information Visual or iconic memory was discovered by Sperling in 1960	28
13271605373	Sperling's Experiment	Presented matrix of letter for 1/20 seconds Report as many letters as possible Subjects recall only half of the letters Was this because subjects didn't have enough time to view entire matrix? No How did Sperling know this? Sperling showed people can see and recall ALL the letters momentarily Sounded low, medium or high tone immediately after matrix disappeared -tone signaled 1 row to report -recall was almost perfect Memory for image fades after 1/3 seconds or so, making report of entire display hard to do	29
13271656280	What actually happened during Sperling's Experiment	1. Letters are displayed on a screen for 1/20 of a second 2. Screen is blank 3. Length of time varies up to one second; medium; tone is sounded, indicating row 4. Subject reports letters in a row indicated by tone	30
13271675622	Selective attention	determines which very small fraction of information is encoding in our short-term memory	31
13271680511	Automatic processing	unconscious encoding of information about space, time, and frequency without interfering with our thinking	32
13271687546	Parallel processing	involves several information streams simultaneously	33
13271691382	Effortful processing	encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort	34
13271697669	Rehearsal	repetition of information; to maintain or store	35
13271705676	Short-term memory (working memory)	Holds limited amounts of information for about 30 seconds George Miller - 7 plus or minus 2 *To hold STM, we must use rehearsal	36
13271717492	Chunking	grouping information into meaningful units	37
13271721618	Maintenance rehearsal	repetition to keep in working memory until it is used (phone number from phone book)	38
13271732447	Elaborative rehearsal	organization and understanding of the information that has been encoded; transfer the information to the long-term memory	39
13271744121	Mnemonic devices	memory tricks or strategies to make information easier to remember (ROY G BIV)	40
13271747389	Method of loci	visualization with familiar objects on a path to recall info in a list	41
13271756281	Peg-word system	association of terms to be remembered with a memorized scheme	42
13271764470	Baddeley's Working Memory Model	visuospatial sketch pad, central executive, phonological loop,	43
13271775684	visuospatial sketchpad	holds visual and spatial info	44
13271777702	Phonological loop	holds verbal information	45
13271930466	Central executive	coordinates all activities of working memory; brings new information into working memory from sensory and long-term memory	46
13272006845	Long-term memory	Relatively permanent and practically unlimited	47
13272012383	Explicit memory	declarative memory, LTM of facts and experiences we consciously know and can verbalize	48
13272019475	Semantic memory	facts and general knowledge	49
13272021490	Episodic memory	personally experienced events	50
13272028390	Implicit memory	non-declarative memory, skills and procedures to do things	51
13272030281	Procedural memory	motor and cognitive skills, classical and operant conditioning effects (ex. tying shoes, riding a bike, swimming)	52
13272054450	Hierarchies	concepts are arranged from general to specific classes	53
13272060219	Concepts	related things	54
13272064109	Prototypes	typical example of concept	55
13272067805	Semantic networks	irregular and distorted systems than strict hierarchies; multiple links to concepts	56
13272072809	Schemas	frameworks of basic ideas and perceptions based on past experience	57
13272077568	Script	schema for an event	58
13272082547	Long-term potentiation	the strengthening of neural connections at the synapses LTM is supported by a highly efficient neural network	59
13272094442	Thalamus	encodes sensory memory into the short-term memory	60
13272098056	Hippocampus	frontal and temporal lobes are involved in explicit LTM	61
13272101755	Cerebellum	implicit memory of skills	62
13272105585	Anterograde amnesia	results from destruction of the hippocampus, no new information into explicit memory	63
13272110158	Retrograde amnesia	memory loss of a segment of the past	64
13272114862	Recognition	identification of learned items when they are presented (multiple choice questions)	65
13272117362	Recall	retrieval of previously learned information (essay questions)	66
13272120868	Reconstruction	memories that can be distorted by adding, dropping, or changing details to fit schema	67
13272125405	Serial position effect	tendency to remember the first and last items on lists, not the middle	68
13272129642	Primacy effect	better recall of first terms	69
13272131296	Recency effect	better recall of last items	70
13272134940	Cues	reminders associated with information we are trying to get out of our memories	71
13272138401	Priming	activating specific associations in memory either consciously or unconsciously	72
13272145348	Distributed practice	spread out memorization over many sessions helps with greater memory retention	73
13272150792	Context-dependent memory	recall information in the same physical setting	74
13272152513	Mood congruence	recall experiences better when we are in a similar mood as when we originally encoded the information	75
13272156339	State-dependent	recall is better when we are in the same internal state (level of alertness)	76
13272160414	Forgetting	comes from failure to encode, decay over time, or inability to access LTM use it or lose it	77
13272169100	Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve	forgetting is related to difficulty of material, physiological state individual, and amount of rehearsal less rehearsal=more forgetting	78
13272185509	Tip-of-the-tongue phenomena	we know it, but can't pull it out of memory	79
13272187762	Interference	learning some items make us forget others; similarities	80
13272190288	False memories	inaccuracies or misperceptions about memories	81
13272196200	Proactive interference	old memories interfere with learning new information; trying to remember a new phone number may be disrupted by a memory of an old number	82
13272205150	Retroactive interference	new learning disrupts recall of old information; new address interferes with remembering old address	83
13272213994	P.O.R.N.	proactive; old interfering with new; retroactive; new interfering with old	84
13272218665	Intrusion	experiences create assumptions about information, such as applying schemas	85