AP World History Traditions and Encounters Chapter 3 Flashcards

11090425771	Steppes	Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds.	0
11090425772	What was the Sahara region in 10,000 BCE?	Grassy steppe lands with water	1
11090425773	What was abundant in the early Sahara region?	Hunting, fishing, and wild grains	2
11090840542	Where in Africa did the herding of cattle and collecting of grain begin in 9000 BCE?	Eastern Sudan	3
11090840543	What were the first foods of Africa?	Sorghum and yams	4
11090840544	When were permanent settlements built in Africa?	7500 BCE	5
11090840545	When was the Sahara fertile?	10,000 BCE	6
11090840546	When did Eastern Sudan begin to herd cattle and collect grains?	9000 BCE	7
11090840547	When did sorghum and yams start to be grown?	7500 BCE	8
11090840548	When were small states with semi-divine rulers created in Africa?	5000 BCE	9
11090840549	What were the rulers of Africa considered in 5000 BCE?	Semi-divine	10
11090840550	When did the African climate become hotter and drier?	After 5000 BCE	11
11090840551	What caused people to be driven into the river regions?	The climate becoming hotter and drier	12
11090840552	What happened as a result of the climate of Africa becoming hotter and drier?	People are driven into the river regions	13
11090840553	What unique feature did the Nile have that made it excellent for agriculture?	Annual, and therefore predictable, flooding	14
11090840554	Why is the annual flooding of the Nile so important?	The flooding was then predictable and able to be utilized.	15
11090840555	What was Egypt known as?	Gift of the Nile	16
11090840556	Where was Egypt in relation to the Nile?	On the lower third of the Nile	17
11093260807	Where was Nubia in relation to the Nile?	In the middle third of the Nile	18
11093260808	Why is the northern section of the Nile referred to as the lower Nile?	The Nile flows north	19
11093260809	What foods were cultivated after 5000 BCE?	Gourds and watermelons; wheat and barley	20
11093260810	What animals were domesticated after 5000 BCE?	Donkeys and cattle	21
11093260811	Where did the donkeys and cattle originate from in Africa?	Sudan	22
11093260812	Where were wheat and barley from?	Mesopotamia	23
11093260813	Besides Egypt, what was the other major Nile river civilization?	Nubia	24
11093260814	Is Nubian agriculture as easy as Egypt's?	No	25
11093260815	When did states begin to emerge in early Africa?	4000 BCE	26
11093260816	When did small kingdoms begin to emerge in early Africa?	3300 BCE	27
11093260817	What happened in 4000 BCE in Africa?	States began to emerge	28
11093260818	What happened in 3300 BCE in Africa?	Small kingdoms began to emerge	29
11102884347	9000 BCE	Origins of Sudanic herding	30
11102884348	7500 BCE	Origins of Sudanic cultivation	31
11102884349	3100 BCE	Unification of Egypt	32
11102884350	3100-2660 BCE	Archaic Period of Egyptian history	33
11102884351	2660-2160 BCE	Egyptian Old Kingdom	34
11102884352	2600-2500 BCE	Era of pyramid building in Egypt	35
11102884353	2500-1450 BCE	Early kingdom of Kush with capital at Kerma	36
11102884354	2000 BCE	Beginnings of Bantu migrations	37
11102884355	1550-1070 BCE	Egyptian New Kingdom	38
11102884356	1479-1425 BCE	Reign of Pharaoh Tuthmosis III	39
11102884357	1473-1458 BCE	Reign of Queen Hatshepsut (coruler with Tuthmosis III)	40
11102884358	1353-1335 BCE	Reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)	41
11102884359	900 BCE	Invention of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa	42
11102884360	760 BCE	Conquest of Egypt by King Kashta of Kush	43
11107721203	What was Ta-Seti?	A strong Nubian realm	44
11107721204	3400-3200 BCE	Nubian kingdom of Ta-Seti	45
11107721205	By what time was Egypt a large and prosperous state?	3100 BCE	46
11107721206	Who United Upper and Lower Egypt?	Menes	47
11107721207	Where was Menes when he united Egypt?	Memphis	48
11107721208	What is the pharaoh?	The absolute ruler of Egypt that owns all land	49
11107721209	What was built during the Archaic Period and Old Kingdom?	Great pyramids of Giza	50
11107721210	Which of the Great Pyramids Of Giza was the largest?	Khufu	51
11107721211	What country was Egypt violent against during the Archaic Period and Old Kingdom?	Nubia	52
11107721212	3000-2400 BCE	Egyptian domination over Nubia	53
11107721213	After the domination of Egypt over Nubia, what did Nubia develop into?	The Kingdom Of Kush	54
11107721214	How did Nubia and Egypt interact once Nubia became the Kingdom Of Kush, despite their conflicts?	Interaction through diplomacy, Nubian mercenaries, and intermarriage	55
11107721215	2160-2040 BCE	Period of upheaval after Old Kingdom	56
11107721216	2040-1640 BCE	Middle Kingdom	57
11107721217	Who invaded Egypt, if anyone?	Nomadic horseman called Hyksos	58
11107721218	How did the Hyksos, Nomadic horseman, invade Egypt?	They used bronze weapons and chariots, which Egypt did not have	59
11107721219	Did Egypt have bronze weapons and chariots by 1674 BCE?	No	60
11107721220	What happened in 1674 BCE?	The Hyksos capture Memphis in Egypt	61
11107721221	What caused the revolts in Upper Egypt?	The Hyksos' invasion of Egypt and capture of Memphis	62
11107721222	What resulted from the Hyksos' invasion of Egypt and capture of Memphis?	Revolts in Upper Egypt	63
11126105006	What happened to the Pharaoh during the New Kingdom Era?	It gained power	64
11126105007	How large was the army during the New Kingdom Era?	Huge	65
11126105008	What type of government did it have and how large was the government of the Egyptian New Kingdom Era?	A large bureaucracy	66
11126105009	What were the building projects of the New Kingdom?	Temples, palaces, and statues	67
11126105010	What did Tuthmosis III build?	An empire including Palestine, Syria, and Nubia	68
11126105011	What happened after Tuthmosis III built his empire?	Egypt fell into a long period of decline	69
11126105012	What happened in 1100 BCE?	Egyptians were driven out of Nubia	70
11126105013	What was the Nubian kingdom called and where was their capital after they drove the Egyptians out of Nubia?	The Nubian Kingdom Of Kush with the capital at Napata	71
11126105014	What did King Kashta of Kush conquer in 760 BCE?	The Egyptian City Of Thebes	72
11126105015	After Nubia drove out Egyptians, who invaded from the north, and what weapons did they have which the Egyptians did not?	Assyrians with iron weapons	73
11126105016	What happened to Egypt after sixth century BCE?	There was a series of foreign conquests	74
11126105017	What was more prominent in Mesopotamia than in Egypt?	Cities	75
11126105018	What were the Egyptian cities?	Memphis, Thebes, Heliopolis, and Tanis	76
11126105019	What was the Egyptian City Memphis?	Head of the delta	77
11126105020	What was the Egyptian City Thebes?	Administrative center of Upper Egypt	78
11126105021	What was the Egyptian city Heliopolis?	Center of the sun god cult	79
11126105022	What was the Egyptian city Tanis?	An important sea port on the Mediterranean	80
11144307745	What were the Nubian cities?	Kerma, Napata, and Meroë	81
11144307746	What did Kerma dominate?	trade routes	82
11144307747	Which of the Nubian cities was the most prosperous after the Nubian conquest of Egypt?	Napata	83
11144307748	Which city was most influential after the Assyrian invasion because of its location in southern Nubia?	Meroë	84
11144307749	What is Egypt's social structure?	Peasants and slaves (agriculture), pharaoh, professional military and administrators	85
11144307750	How is the Nubian social class structured?	Complex and hierarchical society (can tell from tombs)	86
11144307751	How much power did women have in these early African societies?	They were still patriarchal societies, but women have more power than in Mesopotamia	87
11147370235	What do women act as in Egypt, and who is a notable example?	Regents; female pharaoh Hatshepsut	88
11147370236	What did women serve as in Nubia?	Queens, priestesses, and scribes	89
11147370237	What metal is important, but its alloys are rare and expensive? What are the alloys?	Bronze is important, but copper and tin is rare and expensive	90
11147370238	Where did iron metallurgy develop?	Sudan	91
11147370239	Did iron metallurgy in Sudan develop independently or dependently?	Independently	92
11147370240	What could you use for transportation in Africa?	Sailboats, carts, and donkey caravans	93
11147370241	What type of goods were exported from Nubia?	Exotic goods (ebony, gold, gems, slaves)	94
11147370242	What type of goods were exported from Egypt?	Decorative items, pottery, wine, and linen	95
11147370243	What else was exported from Egypt that was also exported from the north?	Wood, like cedar from Lebanon	96
11147370244	What is punt?	A boat	97
11147370245	What did Egypt export with east Africa?	Punt	98
11211884120	Where did Egypt export punt?	East africa	99
11211884121	What were the hieroglyphics found on?	Monuments and papyrus	100
11211884122	By what time did the Egyptians use hieroglyphics?	3200 BCE	101
11211884123	What was hieratic script and when was it used?	Everyday writing; 2600-600 BCE	102
11211884124	What scripts adapted Greek writing?	Demotic and coptic	103
11211884125	What kind of lives did the scribes of Egypt live?	Very privileged lives	104
11211884126	Before Nubia adapted the currently undeciphered writing called Meroitic, what other writing did they adapt?	Egyptian writing	105
11211884127	What were the principal gods of Africa?	The sun gods Amon and Re	106
11211884128	Which pharaoh ruled during the brief period of monotheism involving Ra and Aten?	Akhenaten	107
11211884129	Did Pharaoh Akhenaten move the capital? If so, where?	Yes, and to Ahketaten	108
11211884130	What happened to the gods which were believed in before Pharaoh Ahkenaten's rule?	He ordered their names be chiseled out, and thus they die with him	109
11211884131	Who was mummified during the Old Kingdom?	Only pharaohs	110
11211884132	After pharaohs were mummified, who else could afford it?	Ruling classes and the wealthy	111
11211884133	Who managed to be able to be mummified during the Middle and New Kingdoms?	Commoners	112
11211884134	What was the belief of the cult of Osiris? (The murder; the restoration of life; the association in the Nile; the judging)	Osiris' brother, Seth, murders him and scatters his body parts. Osiris' wife, Isis, gathers the parts and the gods restore him to life in the underworld. He becomes associated with Nile, crops, life, death, and immortality. Osiris judges the heart of the dead against the feather of truth.	113
11211884135	What do Nubians do with Egyptian religion?	They combine it with their own	114
11212408059	What was the Bantu?	A language group from west central africa	115
11212408060	Where did the Bantu live?	Along the banks of rivers	116
11212408061	How did the Bantu travel across the rivers?	Using canoes	117
11212408062	What did the Bantu cultivate?	Yams and oil palms	118
11212408063	What kind of society did the Bantu live in?	Clan-based villages	119
11212408064	Whom did the Bantu trade with?	Hunting and gathering forest people	120
11220671575	When were the early migrations of the Bantu?	3000-1000 BCE	121
11221295098	Where did the Bantu migrate?	South and west into the forest lands; south to the Congo river and east to the Great Lakes region	122
11295104889	What part of the population did the Bantu absorb after they migrated?	Much of the hunter/gatherer/fisher people	123
11295104890	What did the Bantu occupy by 1000 BCE?	Most of Africa south of the equator	124
11230485861	Which population did the Bantu absorb much of during their migrations?	The hunter/gather/fisher people	125
11230485862	Where did the Bantu occupy by 1000 BCE?	Most of Africa south of the equator	126
11230485863	How did the Bantu settle?	They used canoes and settled along the banks of rivers, spreading from there	127
11230485864	What caused the Bantu to move inland from rivers?	Agricultural surpluses	128
11230485865	How did agricultural surpluses affect the Bantu?	they moved inland from rivers	129
11230485866	Did the Bantu ever become trading people?	Yes (Of course)	130
11230485867	What caused the rate of migration for the Bantu to increase after 1000 BCE?	The appearance of iron	131
11230485868	How did iron affect the Bantu?	Iron tools allow them to clear more land for agriculture; iron weapons give them a stronger position	132
11230485869	Were the Bantu the only agricultural societies in Africa to migrate?	No	133
11230485870	By when did agriculture spread to most of sub-Saharan Africa?	1000 BCE	134
11230485871	What were age sets?	They were teenagers of the same age who went through a right of passage into adulthood to perform specialized roles in society.	135
11230485872	What were the communities of Africa, mostly?	Small communities led by chiefs with "age sets" and initiation rites	136
11230485873	What were some major religious differences by area in Africa?	Some worship a single, impersonal, divine force representing good or bad, while many individuals pray to ancestors and local gods for intervention	137
11230485874	What happened to the cultures of the early agricultural societies of Africa?	They were mixed and intermingled with each other	138