AP Psychology Unit 2 Flashcards

10797484285	hindsight bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	0
10797879275	What does Naturalistic Observation aim for?	To describe behavior rather than try to explain it	1
10797484286	critical thinking	examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions	2
10797879276	Naturalistic Observation	Observing/recording behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate or control the situation	3
10797484287	validity	the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do	4
10797484288	theory	A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data	5
10797484289	hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory	6
10797484290	operational definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables that is specific and allows research to be replicated	7
10797484292	case study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	8
10797484293	survey	A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act	9
10797484294	population	the whole group that you want to study and describe	10
10797484295	random sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	11
10797484296	correlation	A measure of the relationship between two variables	12
10797484297	correlation coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	13
10797484298	scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables	14
10797484299	illusory correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists	15
10797484300	experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process	16
10797484301	random assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups(how you assign them)	17
10797484302	double-blind study	An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo	18
10797484303	placebo effect	improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement	19
10797484304	experimental group	A subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested	20
10797484305	control group	The group that does not receive the experimental treatment	21
10797484306	independent variable	A variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables	22
10797484307	confounding variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment	23
10797484308	dependent varibale	The variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable, the thing you are measuring	24
10797484309	mode	Most frequently occurring score	25
10797484310	mean	Average	26
10797484311	median	Middle number	27
10797484312	range	Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data	28
10797484313	standard deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	29
10797484314	normal curve	The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes	30
10797484315	statistical significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	31
10797484316	culture	Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people	32
10797484317	informed consent	An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate	33
10797484318	debriefing	A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study AFTER the study is over	34
10797484319	sample	A part of the population you are studying	35
10797484322	3 main components of scientific attitude	curiosity skepticism humility	36
10797484323	disadvantage of a case study	overgeneralization, suggests that the results could be for everyone but more research is needed to back it up	37
10797484324	a theory is useful if?	it effectively organizes a range of self-reports/observations and leads to a clear hypothesis that anyone can use and stimulates research to lead to a revised theory that better organizes and predicts what we know	38
10797484326	positive correlation	two variable rise and fall together	39
10797484327	negative correlation	variables are related inversely, one goes up and the other goes down	40
10797484328	1 standard deviation	68%	41
10797484329	deception	investigators providing false or incomplete information to participants for the purpose of misleading research subjects	42
10797484330	descriptive statistics	numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups, including measures of central tendency and variation	43
10797484332	skewed graph	mode, median, and mean are different	44
10797484333	positive skew	high outlier	45
10797484334	negative skew	low outlier	46
10797484335	measures of variability	depict diversity of the distribution (range, standard deviation)	47
10797484344	normal curve		48
10797484337	3 principles of being reliable	representative samples are better than biased less variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable more cases are better than fewer	49
10797879277	inferential statistics	to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population	50
10797484339	statistically significant	how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	51
10797484340	culture (behavior)	enduring behaviors ideas, attitudes, and how people perceive different situations, such as body shape, early sex, etc	52
10797879278	Overconfidence	Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions	53
10797879279	What is causation?	The relationship between cause and effect	54
10797879280	2 standard deviation	95%	55
10797879281	3 standard deviation	99.7%	56
10880570331	What is empirical method?	A process that depends on direct observation of nature and experimentation	57
10880570332	What is the measure of central tendency	mean	58