AP Biology- Biochemistry Flashcards

7246778014	ionic bond	bond resulting from a transfer of electrons	0
7246778015	covalent bond	bond resulting from the sharing of electrons	1
7246778016	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	2
7246778017	polar	electrons shared unequally	3
7246778018	buffer	substance that resists changes in pH	4
7246778019	isomer	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure	5
7246778023	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	6
7246778030	glycerol	alcohol portion of a lipid	7
7246778031	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	8
7246778032	saturated fat	fat without double bonds	9
7246778033	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds	10
7246778034	steroid	lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone	11
7246778035	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers	12
7246778036	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds	13
7246778037	secondary structure	a specific region of a protein formed with hydrogen bonds- beta pleated sheet or alpha helix	14
7246778038	tertiary structure	overall 3D conformation; determines function	15
7246778039	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain	16
7246778040	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)	17
7246778041	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk	18
7246778042	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	19
7246778043	metabolism	sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell	20
7246778044	enzyme	catalytic protein that lowers a reaction's energy of activation	21
7246778045	induced fit model	enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better	22
7246778046	cofactor	inorganic chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity	23
7246778047	coenzyme	organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis (vitamins)	24
7246778048	competitive inhibition	compounds that look like the normal substrate compete for the same active site on the enzyme	25
7246778049	noncompetitive inhibition	a molecule binds to an enzyme somewhere other than the active site and reduces the activity of the enzyme	26
7246778050	allosteric regulation	the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site	27
7246778051	cohesion	attractive forces between molecules of the same substance	28
7246778052	salt	an ionic compound which is made up of two groups of oppositely charged ions.	29
7246778053	chemical equilibrium	when the reaction rate is about the same in either direction	30
7246778054	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	31
7246778055	monomer	the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.	32
7246778056	adhesion	attractive forces between unlike molecules	33
7246778057	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	34
7246778058	van der Waals interactions	tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations	35
7246778059	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	36
7246778060	disulfide bridge	tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another	37
7246778061	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water	38
7246778062	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon	39
7246778063	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	40
7246778065	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group	41
7246778066	pyrimidine	cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring	42
7246778067	purine	adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring	43
7246778068	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	44
7246778069	carbonyl	carbon double bonded to oxygen; ketones and aldehydes	45
7246778070	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group	46
7246778071	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	47
7246778072	sulfhydryl	sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine	48
7246778073	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	49
7246778074	methyl	carbon bonded to three hydrogens; arrangement determines function of male and female sex hormones	50
7246864274	macromolecule	a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.	51
7246864275	Four classes of biological macromolecules	Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids	52
7246864276	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.	53
7246864278	dehydration synthesis	a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	54
7246864279	hydrolysis	a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers.	55
7246864280	protein	a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.	56
7246864281	Functions of proteins	structural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation	57
7246864282	amino acid	an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. The monomers of polypeptides. There are 20 different forms. Distinguished by side chains.	58
7246864283	peptide bond	the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.	59
7246864289	denaturation	loss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions	60
7246864290	enzyme	a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins.	61
7246864291	carbohydrate	a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). Primarily C, H and O.	62
7246864292	What are the functions of carbohydrates	function as energy source & structure	63
7246864293	monosaccharide	the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1).	64
7246864294	disaccharide	a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.	65
7246864295	glycosidic linkage	a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	66
7246864296	polysaccharide	a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.	67
7246864297	starch	a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by x glycosidic linkages. Used for energy storage.	68
7246864298	glycogen	an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	69
7246864299	cellulose	a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch.	70
7246864300	lipids	any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers.	71
7246864301	What are the three types of lipids?	fats/oils, phospholipids & steroids	72
7246864302	fat/oil	a lipid consisting of three fatty acids lined to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. Function as energy storage.	73
7246864303	saturated	a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.	74
7246864304	unsaturated	a faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	75
7246864306	triglyceride	a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule	76
7246864307	phospholipid	a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane.	77
7246864308	steroid	a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones.	78
7246864309	hydrophobic	a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.	79
7246864311	polypeptide	a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	80
7246864312	nucleotide	the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.	81
7246864313	phosphodiester linkage	bond between nucleotides in nucleotide chain to form polynucleotide	82
7246864314	RNA	transmission of information, consists of monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) & uracil (U). Single stranded.	83
7246864315	DNA	a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	84
7246864316	deoxyribose	the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	85
7246864317	ribose	the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.	86