AP stat Flashcards

14738205231	observational study	observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses; watching	0
14738211894	When does confounding occur?	2 variables are associated in such a way that we cannot distinguish the effects of one from the other	1
14738232970	To identify a possible confounding variable, you must....	1. specify the possible confounding variable 2. explain how this variable is connected within the explanatory variable 3. explain how it could be effecting the response	2
14738249085	Treatment:	specifically what is being done to survey results	3
14738265271	Experimental Units/ subjects	the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied	4
14738270543	4 Principles of Good Experimental Design	Control, comparison, random assignment, replication	5
14738286818	completely randomized design	the treatments are assigned to all the experimental units completely by chance; similar to SRS	6
14738290722	randomized block design	the random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out separately within each block; similar to stratified sampling	7
14738298834	matched pairs is a form of blocking where	The idea is to match pairs of similiar exp units. Use chance to decide which member sex the first or second treatment first (in what order)	8
14738308985	placebo effect	a response to a fake treatment	9
14738322983	statistically significant	an observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance	10
14738332073	Population	If experimental units were randomly selected from the greater population	11
14738361688	Cause/effect	If treatments were randomly assigned to experimental units	12
14738372775	Inference	the process of taking sample data and using it to come to a conclusion about the population	13
14738381566	study would show bias if	the study consistantly underestimated or overesimated the value	14
14738384917	convenience sample	choosing individuals from the population who are easy to reach	15
14738390332	voluntary response sample	A sample which involves only those who want to participate in the sampling	16
14738398227	random sampling	a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	17
14738401604	simple random sample	every member of the population has a known and equal chance of selection	18
14738403448	stratified random sampling	classify each population into groups with similar traits. Choose a SRS from each group. That is the sample	19
14738408125	cluster sample	classify population into groups based on who is located near each other. Gather data from all of a whole cluster	20
14738417975	Undercoverage	occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample	21
14738419428	nonresponse bias	when an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to cooperate	22
14738425928	response bias	lie or not remember information Based on gener, race, behavior.	23