AP World History Summer Assignment Flashcards

14469644636	Islam	"to submit", teaches submission to the word of God (Allah)	0
14469644637	Muslim	"those who submit", a follower of Islam	1
14469644638	Quran	"recitations", the uncorrupted word of god	2
14469644639	Muhammad	the last of the prophets of god, not to be worshipped	3
14469644640	Hadith	the record of the words, actions, and the silent approval, of Muhammad.	4
14469644641	Umma	community of believers of Islam	5
14469644642	Mecca	a center of pilgrimage and trade, holds the Ka'aba and sacred tokens of surrounding tribes	6
14469644643	Ka'aba	cubical black stone structure	7
14469644644	Shahada	declaring belief in the oneness of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's prophet	8
14469644645	Alms	money or food given to poor people	9
14469644646	Ramadan	ninth month of the lunar year in which Muslims fast	10
14469644647	Eid al-Fitr	Mark's the end of ramadan	11
14469644648	Hajj	pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars	12
14469644649	Jihad	call to physical warfare to preserve the abode of Islam	13
14469644650	Dar al-Islam	"the abode of Islam", the lands under Muslim rule or in which Islam could be practiced freely	14
14469644651	Shari'a	law that safeguarded rights of both partners in the marriage. (347 first column)	15
14469644652	Hijra	the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, the start of the Muslim Calendar (year 622 on Chr. calendar)	16
14469644653	Byzantine Empire	Eastern Roman Empire, resisted Arab conquest,	17
14469644654	Sassanid Empire	collapsed almost immediately under Arab conquest	18
14469644655	Ibn Battuta	a famous North African Berber traveler, learned concepts of gender relations in Arab heartland of Islam. (347, second column)	19
14469644656	Qadi	a judge who would bring the combined wisdom or the scriptural knowledge, local custom, and his own judgement to make an adjudication	20
14469644657	Abu Bakr	Muhammad's closest companion and adviser, who succeeded to the Prophet's political and administrative functions, 2nd caliph	21
14469644658	Caliph	successor to the prophet and head of the Muslim community	22
14469644659	Battle of the Ain Jalut	Battle in 1260, the Mamluks of Egypt over the invading Mongols, halted the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire.	23
14469644660	Timur the Lame	led Turkish invaders to sack or capture Delhi, Aleppo, Damascus, Ankara, and Bukhara; descendants patronized Islamic scholarships and encouraged Turkish to become the third language of Islam (1336-1405)	24
14469644661	Ulama	people with Islamic knowledge of tradition, history, and law	25
14469644662	Sufis	a member of one of the orders practicing mystical forms of worship that first arose in the 8-9th centuries c.e.	26
14469644663	Sultanate of Delhi	5 dynasties in India (1211-1526)	27
14469644664	Mughal Empire	a period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s	28
14469644665	Ghana	Founded in about 300 CE, it was the largest of the Sub-Saharan kingdoms, controlled desert trade routes and taxes imposed	29
14469644666	Almoravids	a member of a federation of Muslim Berber peoples that established an empire in Morocco, Algeria, and Spain in the 11th century.	30
14469644667	Mali	Trading city that was destroyed by the Songhay people and the connection to the Islamic world was destroyed	31
14469644668	Mansa Musa	a king of Mali in the 1300s, made the hajj to Mecca in 1324, orthodox muslim, sought respect through Islam,	32
14469644669	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	33
14469644670	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
14469644671	Ethiopia	East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.	35
14469644672	Kilwa	one of many trading cities on the East African coast	36
14469644673	Swahili	Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.	37
14469644674	Jalal al-Din Rumi	Sufi poet, wrote "Universal History"	38
14469644675	Ibn Khaldun	the first to apply social science theory to the understanding of history	39
14469644676	Cordoba	Prosperous and sophisticated metropolis. Capital of Muslim Spain, spanning modern Spain and Portugal.	40
14469644677	Ibn Sina	wrote Qanum fi'l-tibb (Canon of Medicine)	41
14469644678	Qanun fi'l-tibb	the canon of medicine; pharmacology of herbs, working of organs, fever, surgery	42
14469644679	Minaret	A distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship.	43
14469644680	Muezzin	the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day	44
14469644681	Ali	Muhammad's cousin & the second disciple, 4th caliph	45
14469644682	Shi'a	"follower of Ali", argued the caliphs should be chosen from the family of the prophet	46
14469644683	Umayyads	Family that came to power after the death of Ali; moved capital to Damascus.	47
14469644684	Sunnis	believed the umma should choose the next caliph, represent around 80% of all Muslims	48
14469644685	Damascus	capital of the Umayyad empire	49
14469644686	Husayn	Ali's son; killed in battle at Karbala in modern Iraq	50
14469644687	Battle of Karbala	Brief battle where the Shiites were slaughtered by the Umayyads in 680	51
14469644688	Imam	religious leader who is a rightful caliph	52
14469644689	Twelvers	Shi'as who look forward to the reappearance of the madhi to bring forth a new age for Islam, truth, & justice.	53
14469644690	Madhi	the twelfth imam who went missing, "rightly guided one", a messiah	54
14469644691	Ismailis	branch of Shi'a, live mostly in Pakistan and India, disagree on the seventh imam	55
14469644692	Dome of the Rock	mosque in Jerusalem, briefly taken over by Christians, fought about during Crusades because of location in Jerusalem	56
14469644693	Al-Aqsa Mosque	Third holiest muslim site, most important mosque in Jerusalem, built by Umayyad.	57
14469644694	Charles Martel	Illegitimate son of Pippin, stole the throne, king of the franks, stopped the Muslim invaders at the Battle of Tours.	58
14469644695	Battle of Tours	battle where Charles Martel stopped the Muslim invasion of France	59
14469644696	Battle of the Talas River	Battle in 751, between the Tang and the Abbasid Arabs. After the Karlucks, originally allied to the Tang, switched sides, the Tang lost, ending their expansion.	60
14469644697	Abbasids	a member of the Abbasid dynasty	61
14469644698	Baghdad	capital and largest city of Iraq; located on the Tigris River, capital of the Abbasid empire	62
14469644699	Fatimids	dynasty that arose in Egypt after Abbasid dynasty; focus of trade shifted to Cairo, Egypt	63
14469644700	Seljuk Turks	nomadic people from central Asia who converted to Islam and took command of the empire in 1055	64
14469644701	Battle of Manzikert	Battle in 1071 where the Byzantines were defeated by the Seljuq Turks. The Turks then conquested most of Anatolia.	65
14469644702	Sultan	Seljuk Turks called themselves this after taking over the Abbasid	66
14469644703	Chinngis Khan	"Universal Ruler", prev. Temujin, made an alliance w/ Turks and built empire	67
14469644704	Istanbul	capital of Turkey	68
14469644705	Taj Mahal	a tomb in India built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife	69
14469644706	Bazaar	A market in a middle eastern country.	70
14469644707	Dhimmi	non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection	71
14469644708	Crusades	A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia	72
14469644709	Alexius I	Byztantine emperor who founded the Comnenian dynasty, involved in the Crusades (asked Pope Umar II to help fight the Muslims)	73
14469644710	Urban II	The pope that issued the crusades in 1095 CE	74
14469644711	Salah al-Din	a Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, leading to the Third Crusade	75
14469644712	Reconquista	The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.	76
14469644713	Moses Maimonides	Spanish philosopher who wrote the Mishnah Torah	77
14469644714	Alhambra	a palace and fortress built in Granada by the Muslims in the Middle Ages	78
14469644715	Spanish Inquisition	A program ordered by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy in the kingdom.	79
14469644716	Marranos	Jews who converted to Catholicism after the Reconquista to avoid being exiled.	80
14469644717	Moriscos	Muslims who converted to Catholicism after the conquest of Granada to avoid being exiled	81
14469644718	Tomas de Torquemada	Grand Inquisitor to oversee Spanish Inquisitions	82
14469644719	Apostasy	the abandonment or renunciation of a religious or political belief.	83
14469644720	Heresy	any belief that is strongly opposed to established belief or practice.	84
14469644721	Blasphemy	Disrespecting god or other religious things.	85
14469644722	Usury	the practice of lending money at exorbitant rates	86
14469644723	Ferdinand	the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia	87
14469644724	Isabella	Spanish queen who funded Columbus's expedition to America	88
14469644725	Battle of Manzikert	(1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.	89
14469675603	Universal History	written by Ibn Khaldun, text of history throughout the world, emphasized theory that there is a cycle of being nomads -> conquering settled people -> becoming settled -> being conquered by other nomads (basically history is cyclic)	90