AP Psychology: Thinking and Language Flashcards

12635889618	Cognition	Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating	0
12635889619	Concept	A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (similar to perceptual set)	1
12635889620	Prototype	A mental image or best example of a category	2
12635889621	Algorithm	A step-by-step procedure that leads to a definite solution.	3
12635889622	Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	4
12635889623	Availability Heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	5
12635889624	Representativeness Heuristic	Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	6
12635889625	Insight	A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	7
12635889626	Confirmation Bias	A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	8
12635889627	Mental Set	A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
12635889628	Functional Fixedness	The inability to see a new use for an object	10
12635889629	Intuition	Immediate and automatic feeling and thought	11
12635889630	Trial and Error	Most fundamental method of problem solving	12
12635889631	Overconfidence	Tendency to overestimate our judgement	13
12635889632	Belief Perserverance	Clinging to your initial belief in something despite no evidence proving it	14
12635889633	Framing	The way we present an issue, can impact judgement	15
12635889634	Language	Spoken, written, signed words that we communicate into meaning	16
12635889635	Phonemes	Smallest distinctive sound unit	17
12635889636	Morphemes	Smallest unit of sound that holds meaning	18
12635889637	Grammar	System of rules that enables us to communicate	19
12635889638	Semantics	Rules for deriving meaning from words	20
12635889639	Syntax	Rules to combine words	21
12635889640	Receptive Language	In infants, the ability to understand what is said to them and about them	22
12635889641	Productive Language	The ability to produce words	23
12635889642	Babbling Stage	About 4 months, speech development unrelated to household language	24
12635889643	One Word Stage (Holophrastic)	Around 1-2 years old, communicating in single worded phrases "ma" "uh"	25
12635889644	Two Word Stage	Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statement, overgeneralizes wants and needs	26
12635889645	Telegraphic Stage	Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (go car) using mostly nouns and verbs, omitting auxiliary words	27
12635889646	Critical Period Theory (Language Development)	The window on language development closes gradually in early childhood	28
12635889648	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	29
12635889649	Brocas Area	Controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements involved in speech	30
12635889650	Wernickes Area	Language comprehension, left temporal lobe	31
12635889651	Noam Chomsky	Language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language	32
12635889653	Belief Bias	The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid	33
12635889654	Convergent	Ideas come together	34
12635889655	Divergent	Ideas come apart	35
12635889656	Linguistic Determinism	Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think, we cannot think things if we cannot say them	36