AP FINAL Flashcards

14530206733	Nasal cavity	located within and posterior to the nose	0
14530208182	Right superior lobe	Identify the lobe.	1
14530209549	Horizontal fissure	only in the right lung which divides upper and middle lobes (from 5th rib up to sternal border at 4th rib)	2
14530216790	Oral cavity	mouth	3
14530226334	Larynx	voice box	4
14530228924	Pharynx	throat	5
14530231298	Trachea	windpipe (IN FRONT of esophagus)	6
14530235696	carina of trachea	Point at which the trachea divides into bronchi	7
14530240314	oblique fissure	both lungs have these.	8
14530241660	Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has	2	9
14530245535	hormones	chemical messengers, secreted through extracellular fluid (blood)	10
14530247344	In order for a hormone to work on a particular cell, it must have a	target receptor for that hormone.q	11
14530248280	GH	stimulates growth muscles and bones	12
14530258755	TSH	stimulates thyroid gland	13
14530259608	ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)	stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex	14
14530266015	Prolactin	stimulates milk production	15
14530267024	FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)	Testis and ovaries	16
14530269580	Oxytocin	uterine contractions	17
14530271935	antidiuretic hormone (ADH)	influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules	18
14530273888	What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?	oxytocin and ADH	19
14530275395	pancreas function	regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon)	20
14530277385	Insulin	Bring blood INTO cells from the blood	21
14530278651	Glucagon	RAISE blood sugar in the blood. (out of cells into the blood)	22
14530281542	Amino Acid hormones	bind to receptor on plasma membrane, activates g protein for secondary messenger system	23
14530283134	Steroid hormones	enter the target cells , bind to receptor in cytoplasm, and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus	24
14530286642	Thyroid hormone is an amino acid hormone, but works like a	Steroid hormones because of the iodine	25
14530288720	Ph of blood is	7.4	26
14530291638	Oxygenated blood is	Bright red, occurs in arteries	27
14530292731	Deoxygenated blood is	Dark red, occurs in veins	28
14530293705	RBC	carry oxygen from lungs to cells, Carbon dioxide from cells to lungs (gas transport)	29
14530296587	WBC	Fight infection	30
14530296588	Platelets	Clot on the collagen fibers, send off chemical messengers to other platelets for help.	31
14530298905	ALL blood cells originate from	Red bone marrow	32
14530301799	Blood flow through the heart	SVC --> Rt atria --> Tricuspid --> Rt ventricle --> Pulmonic valve -->Pulmonary Trunk --> Pulmonary arteries -> Lungs -->Pulmonary veins --> Lt atria --> Bicuspid valve --> Lt ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body	33
14530321257	SA node	pacemaker of the heart (generates impulses)	34
14530322179	AV node	the impulses PAUSE here	35
14530324024	AV bundle (bundle of His)	connects the atria to the ventricles	36
14530333748	Bundle branches and purkinje fibers	Sends action potential through apex to depolarize myocardium to allow for ventricular contraction	37
14530335782	subendocardial conducting network (purkinje fibers)	depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles	38
14530339568	Capillaries	Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body	39
14530341929	layers of arteries and veins	tunica intima - innermost layer tunica media- middle layer, smooth muscle and elastic fibers (constrict and dilate) tunica externa - outer layer - collagen fibers	40
14530355033	Largest artery in the body is?	aorta	41
14530355893	spleen function	the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as a blood reservoir, disintegrates old red blood cells, and produces lymphocytes and plasmids	42
14530358589	primary lymphoid organs	red bone marrow and thymus	43
14530360339	Secondary lymphoid organs	nodes, tonsils, payer's patches, spleen, appendix	44
14530362353	Lymph vessels bring lymph to be filtered by	lymph nodes	45
14530363303	Lymphocytes	The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.	46
14530366304	B lymphocytes (B cells)	Lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and secretes antibodies. (fights what is in the blood) Humoral immunity	47
14530369204	B cells make clones, called plasma cells that produce	antibodies.	48
14530373518	T lymphocytes (T cells)	Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and acts directly against antigens in cell-mediated immune responses. attack INTRACELLULAR	49
14530375634	Cytotoxic T cells	A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells with the LETHAL HIT. (they hunt and look for cells displaying antigens on the outside to kill )	50
14530378224	Helper T cells	One type of T lymphocyte that activates B cells and other T lymphocytes, and macrophages. (set off alarm for immune system) If you don't have Helper T cells your immune system never starts.	51
14530383284	Regulatory T cells	control the T-cell response, STOPS the party after the disease has been beat. IF your regulatory T cells never start, That's what causes autoimmune disease.	52
14530386307	First line of defense	intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions, (sweat, salvia, HCL)	53
14530387149	Second line of defense	inflammation, fever, WBC, NK cells, etc.	54
14530388725	Third line of defense	Adaptive immune system. B cells and T cells. SPECIFIC and has to be PRIMED	55
14530396305	when you inhale(diaphragm going down)	Volume expands, pressure goes DOWN, air comes in to make it same as the atmospheric pressure.	56
14530404542	when you exhale(diaphragm going up)	Volume decreases, Pressure goes UP, have to breathe out to make the same as atmospheric pressure on the inside.	57
14530410860	Alveoli has 2 types of cells:	Type 1 and type 2	58
14530412192	Alveolar Type 1 cells does what?	gas exchange	59
14530413534	Alveolar type 2 cells does what?	Produce surfactant to keep lungs from collapsing	60
14530417930	Diffusion	alveoli gas exchange uses this. Oxygen OUT into the vessels, Carbon dioxide IN from the vessels.	61
14530422851	What part of your brain stem controls your respiratory rate?	Medulla obongotta (keeps you alive in Acoma, very sensitive to alcohol and opiates)	62
14530432338	Digestion	process of breaking down food by mechanical and chemical actions	63
14530433781	Absorption	Take in nutrients into the bloodstream	64
14530434673	Parastalisys	Smooth muscle contraction, relaxation (circular and longitudinal layer) Swallowing food.	65
14530435905	Hydrolysis	Enzymes use this to break down with water	66
14530440800	stomach	breaks down proteins using HCL and Pepsin.	67
14530442897	Parietal cells secrete	HCl and intrinsic factor	68
14530445134	Intrinsic factor	makes the absorption of vitamin B12 happen	69
14530446042	Pancreas	An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.	70
14530448669	Liver	produces bile to emulsify fats	71
14530449604	Gallbladder	stores bile salts	72
14530451974	what 3 modifications help with the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine?	Circular folds - Mixes chyme as it flows along Villi- increase surface area, MAXIMUM absorption Microvilli- increase surface area, MAXIMUM absorption	73
14530457401	Large intestine does	Water absorption and has good bacteria to make most B vitamins and Vitamin K	74
14530459527	Small intestine has	intrinsic factor for b12 absorption	75
14530463197	What is the major fuel source for the brain and body, that's fast acting and abundant?	Glucose	76
14530464621	Primary function of oxidative or cellular respiration is?	To make ATP (breaking down food in order to make ATP for energy)	77
14530466681	Kidney function	filters waste, regulates blood, salt contents right, osmolarity (salt, sugar in blood), RBC production, regulate blood pressure	78
14530470143	Renin	hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure	79
14530472262	Urine pathway	collecting ducts - pyramid - minor calyces - major calyces - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder	80
14530477469	electrolyte	anything that DISASSOCIATES in water (usually salts)	81
14530478475	Nonelectrolyte	molecules the WONT disassociate in water	82
14530480691	Intracellular	inside the cell	83
14530481302	Extracellular	Outside the cell	84
14530481921	Interstitial	Between cells	85
14530484827	Potassium	intracellular molecule	86
14530484828	Sodium	Most common extracellular molecule OUTSIDE the cell	87
14530486015	Cation	A positively charged ion	88
14530486892	Anion	A negatively charged ion	89
14530488207	Water always follows	sodium	90
14530492414	What goes the opposite direction of sodium?	Potassium	91
14530492415	Edema	abnormal swelling of tissue	92
14530495277	Ph of blood is 7.4, our body keeps this ph at 7.4 by using:	Buffers (carbonic acid). Kidneys, and respiration	93
14530496133	Buffers (pH regulation)	Buffers (pH regulation)	94
14530497319	Kidneys and pH regulation	regulate electrolytes, manages water concentration	95
14530502753	Respiration (pH regulation)	Hyperventilate and oxygen rate	96
14530505812	Function of Gonads (testes & ovaries )	produce gametes (sperm/ova) and make Steroid sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)	97
14530509830	When producing sex hormones it is an	endocrine function	98
14530512015	When producing or releasing sperm/ova its an	Exocrine function	99
14530514085	Mitosis	PMAT / 1 mother cell, 2 identical daughter cells	100
14530516732	Meiosis (gametes only)	PMAT x2 / 1 Diploid mother cell , 4 Haploid daughter cells	101
14530519404	regular cells have how many chromosomes?	46 chromosomes	102
14530520209	sperm and ova have how many chromosomes	23 chromosomes	103
14530521776	Gonads	testes and ovaries	104
14530522895	Gametes	sperm and egg cells	105
14530525097	Zygotes	fertilized eggs	106
14534014034	Cervical nodes	lymph nodes in the neck region	107
14534022735	Axillary nodes	lymph nodes in the armpit	108
14534026330	Inguinal nodes	lymph nodes in the groin region	109
14534028932	right lymphatic duct	drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax	110
14534033932	Thoracic duct	receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities	111
14534037728	cisterna chyli	an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system	112