AP Psych Learning Flashcards

7867126603	Ivan Pavlov	Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning	0
7867126604	Classical Conditioning	Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR	1
7867126605	Unconditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise"	2
7867126606	Conditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse"	3
7867126607	Extinction	Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished	4
7867126608	Spontaneous Recovery	Classical Conditioning: When a previous CR returns after it has been extinguished Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction	5
7867126609	Stimulus Generalization	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are different. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of any thing that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Not cursing at home or at school)	6
7867126610	Stimulus Discrimination	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are the same (Example: Little Albert being afraid of a white mouse) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable but not at school)	7
7867126611	Higher Order Conditioning	When the first CS is paired with a second CS The second CS is presented briefly before the first CS	8
7867126612	Taste Aversions	Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning	9
7867126613	Operant conditioning	Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences	10
7867126614	Law of Effect	Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again	11
7867126615	B.F. Skinner	Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his ________ box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioing	12
7867126616	Positive Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school	13
7867126617	Negative Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache	14
7867126618	Positive Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling	15
7867126619	Negative Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Grounding	16
7867126620	Shaping	Part of Operant Conditioning Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desird behavior to teach a new behavior	17
7867126621	Primary Reinforcers	Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.	18
7867126622	Secondary Reinforcers	Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games.	19
7867126623	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made	20
7867126624	Variable-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine	21
7867126625	Fixed-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: cramming for an exam	22
7867126626	Variable-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class	23
7867126627	Instinctive Drift	Defined: when animals revert to instinctive behaviors rather than the operantly conditioned behaviors Examples: Rats will not walk backward, chickens won't hit a ball and run to first base, and pigs won't put wooden dollars into a piggy bank	24
7867126628	Observational Learning	Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study	25
7867126629	Latent Learning	Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats would only complete the maze if there was cheese for them at the end of the maze	26
7867126631	Acquisition of Classical Conditioning	Frequency: the more often the CS and the US are paired together Timing: the CS is presented a half a second before the US	27
7867126632	Biological Preparedness	Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger	28
7867126633	Unconditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise"	29
7867126634	Associative Learning	Defined: learn by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening	30
7867126635	Habituation	Defined: An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Example: Your parents yell at you a lot and eventually you tune out their yelling	31
7867126636	Watson	Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory	32
7867126637	Thorndike	Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory	33
7867126638	Bandura	Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory	34
7867126639	Garcia	Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory	35
7867126641	Tolman	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory	36
7867126643	Pavlov's Dogs	First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning	37
7867126644	Little Albert	First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory"	38
7867126645	Conditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying"	39
7867126648	Concerns regarding Punishment	It does not teach the learner appropriate behavior and can also increase violent behavior in the learner	40
7867126649	Skinner Box	Also known as: Operant Chamber Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward	41
7867126651	Superstitious Behavior	Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc.	42
7867126652	Continuous Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: a multiple choice test Significance: best for "establishing" a behavior	43
7867126653	Cognitive Maps	Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze	44
7867126654	Intrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake—rewards can carry hidden costs. Example: reading books because you find them rewarding	45
7867126655	Extrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Example: reading a book because you need to get a good grade in your English class	46
7867126656	BoBo Doll Study	Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning"	47
7867126657	Mirror Neurons	Defined: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so Example: explains why yawning is contagious	48
7867126658	Densensitization	Defined: after viewing a similar act/behavior, you become less emotionally responsive (indifferent or unaware) to the stimulus Example: The first murder on TV is shocking but becomes less shocking as you watch violent television	49
7867126659	Pro-Social Modeling	Defined: People who show nonviolent, helpful behavior prompt similar behavior in others Significance: When parents help their grandparents, the children will likely do the same	50
7867126661	Behaviorism	Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind.	51
7867131810	television and observational learning	children will imitate what they see on tv	52
7867132466	Mary Cover Jones	maintained that fear could be unlearned; paired a pleasant stimulus (a favorite food) w/ the feared object (rabbit) to use classical conditioning to rid "little peter" of his fear of rabbits	53
7867133284	Wolfgang Kohler	Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.	54
7867133285	Robert Koelling	performed a famous experiment with Garcia illustrating how rats more readily learned to make certain associations than others	55
7867134477	Respondent Behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	56
7867135832	Reinforcer	privilege you want that can be used to encourage you to do something	57
7867137215	Discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	58
7867137216	Modeling	the process of observing and imitating specific behavior	59
7867138257	Neutral Stimulus	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning	60
7867139509	Cognitive Learning	the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, watching others, or through language	61
7867139510	operant chamber	(aka Skinner Box) in operant conditioning, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, attached decides record the animals rate or bar pressing or key pecking	62
7867140062	reinforcement	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	63
7867140063	feedback		64
7867140064	token economy	an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior, and can later exchange token for various privileges or treats	65
7867141020	behavior modification	reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors	66
7867141621	biological predispositions	an animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by its biology	67
7867141622	cognitive processes	thoughts, perceptions and expectations in classical conditioning, it is very important and treatments that ignore it are limited in their success	68
7867142680	applications of classical conditioning	-drug users are advised to stay away from people or places that they associate with being high -when a particular taste, accompanied with beneficial medicine, the taste alone can trigger immune responses	69
7867142681	aversive control	a type of counter-conditioning that associates ab unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as excessive alcohol drinking)	70
7867143482	transfer	the effect of past learning to new tasks	71
7867143483	disinhibition	a temporary loss of inhibition or feeling self conscious, caused by outside stimuli such as drugs	72
7867144306	conditioning	learning, behavior modification, in people an animals	73
7867144307	delayed conditioning	NS presented before UCS and remains until UCR begins (most effective)	74
7867144967	avoidance conditioning	the training of an organism to remove or withdraw from an unpleasant situation before it starts	75
7867144968	backward conditioning	UCS presented before NS (least effective)	76
7867146014	trace conditioning	NS is present and then taken away, or ends before the UCS	77
7867146943	simultaneous conditioning	the reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response	78
7867146944	conditioning and phobias	phobias are learned fears and can be classically conditioned	79
7867148015	conditioning and advertising	companies and brands want people to associate their products with good things	80
7867148027	conditioning and prejudice	prejudice is learned	81
7867149239	conditioning and medical treatments	it is important to avoid taste aversions in patients who throw up frequently such as chemotherapy	82
7867151382	premack principal	using a naturally occurring high frequency response will reinforce and increase low frequency responses	83
7867152384	response rates of all schedules of reinforcement	FR-high response, but drop off after reinforcement occurs UR-very resistant to extinction, high rates of response FI-reinforcements and to increase as the time for the next reinforcer is near, but drops off after reinforcement VI-relatively low response rates but they are steady	84
7867152385	escape conditioning	the training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus	85
7867153025	insight	a sudden realization of a problem's stimuli contacts with strategy-based solutions	86
7867153026	cognitive-social learning	emphasized role of thinking and social learning and behavior	87
7867154824	the brain's role in learning	mirror neurons allow us to be empathetic and to infer on others mental state, known as the theory of the mind	88
7867159349	over justification effect	occurs when an external incentive decreases a persons intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior or participate in an activity	89