AP Psych #1 Flashcards

14881820064	Aristotle	-knowledge is from experiences/ outer world -mind is in the heart	0
14881850210	Francis Bacon	-founder of modern science -liked minds and their failings -thought humans found order in things -stressed research findings	1
14881884214	Edward Bradford Titchener	- Wundt's student - introduced structuralism - aim to discover the structural elements of the mind - used introspection (looking inward) - focused on inner sensations, images, and feelings	2
14881909134	Mary Whiton Calkins	-first woman to earn PhD in psych but denied by Harvard -first female President of APA	3
14881935911	Confucius	stressed the power of ideas and of an educated mind	4
14881943995	Charles Darwin	-studied species variations -diversity is from Natural Slection -thought nature chooses the best traits to survive -motivation-insticts	5
14881989723	Rene Descartes	-french -innate ideas and mind is distinct form the body and can survive death -immaterial mind and physical body communicate -"I think, therefore, I am"	6
14882068832	Margaret Floy Washburn	-First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology -2nd female president of APA	7
14882091755	G. Stanley Hall	-First president of the APA -made first U.S psych lab and Johns Hopkins Uni	8
14882113191	William James	-Functionalism -philosopher -psychologist -wrote intro psych textbook, Principles of Psychology (crazy guy)	9
14882158563	Immanuel Kant	knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences	10
14882165183	Kurt Koffka/Max Wertheimer	Co-founder of Gestalt psychology	11
14882176413	John Locke	-british philosopher -at birth the mind is a 'blank slate' -through experiences we learn to perceive the world	12
14882213568	Plato	-mind is separable from the body after death -knowledge is born with us -found the mind is in the spherical head	13
14882248059	Socrates	-mind can be taken from the body -knowledge is innate	14
14882263826	Wilhelm Wundt	-father of psychology -first psych lab ever in germany -measured time lag from people hearing a ball drop and pressing a botton -focused on inner sensations, images, feelings -introspection	15
14882311301	what perspective is useful when talking about how different people from other countries show anger	social-cultural	16
14882690592	psycology's biggest debate	nature v nurture	17
14882713082	principal showing how studying 1 hour/day is better than 7hour session	distributed practice	18
14882754593	approch on how we process and remember info	cognitive	19
14882761437	According to the behaviorist perspective, psychological science should be rooted in what?	observation	20
14882774933	who would most likely conduct psychothearapy	clinical	21
14882815573	what psych field is focused on the link between mental and brain activity	cognitive neuroscience	22
14882838690	What school of psychology focused on the adaptive nature of thinking and how our consciousness evolves to meet our needs?	functionalists	23
14882855818	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems	24
14882855819	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base	25
14882866874	Introspection about elements of experience best shows what school of psych	structuralists	26
14923106922	questions about human nature date back to ancient philosopher Aristotle	true	27
14923112142	psych. developed from biology and philosophy	true	28
14923118004	evolution is an important principle for psych.	true	29
14923129601	only clinical psychologist work w/ people w/ mental illness	false	30
14923131539	Human intuition is remarkably accurate and free from error.	false	31
14923136751	most people lack confidence in the accuracy of their belifes	false	32
14927074920	people think new psych findings are common knowledge	true	33
14927079177	people try to find patterns in everything	true	34
14927088590	it's likely that someone will win the lottery twice	true	35
14927094508	people have real paranormal powers	false	36
14927125645	Develpmental Psych	psych. studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	37
14927130261	educational psych	the study of how students learn, effect of teaching techniques, social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching	38
14927152300	Experimental Psychologists	do research to add new knowledge to the field	39
14927162190	Psychometrics and quantitative psychologists	change and score psych and personality tests. study methods used to gain psych knowledge	40
14927202831	social psychologists	Psychologists who study how people influence one another's behavior and mental processes, individually and in groups	41
14927214898	forensic psychologist	applies psychological concepts to legal issues	42
14927218927	health psychologists	Psychologists who study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness, and vice versa	43
14927223197	I/O Psychologists	study the relationship between people and their working environments	44
14927227174	Neuropsychologists	explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior	45
14927234954	Rehabilitation psychologist	researchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event	46
14927245249	School Psychologist	identify and help students who have problems that interfere with learning	47
14927251390	sport psychologists	Psychologists who explore the relationships between athletic performance and motivation and emotion	48
14927259403	clinical psychologist	a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances	49
14927266205	community psychologist	work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all	50
14927269402	psyciatrist	MEDICAL degree, provides therapy for people with MENTAL disorders, ONLY type of therapist who can give drugs and other medical treatment	51
14927293936	counciling psychologist	helps people going through hard times, tharapy	52
14927368256	after school elections a friend tells you he knew who would win for weeks, what is that	hindsight bias	53
14927390663	you notice your last 4 answers have been C, how likely is the 5th answer to be C	the same amount of possability as any other answer	54
14927411647	what is the tendency to exagerate the accuacy of your knowledge	overconfidence	55
14927423523	the 3 componets of the scientific attitude	curiosity, skepticism, humility	56
14927476840	Theroy	well supported, testable explanation	57
14927480559	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory	58
14927523093	operational definition	a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study	59
14938701937	case studies	studies that involve extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals( discriptive), but may not be representitive of all people	60
14938705360	naturalistic observation	observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation(disriptive), could misenturprate the people,	61
14938748069	survey	a technique for getting the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a person, random sample of the group( discriptive), cheap, easy to get a lot of info., how you word a ? could change the answer, need a random sample	62
14938788813	sampling bias	a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample	63
14938791084	random sample	a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	64
14950649552	Correlation	A measure of the relationship between two variables, no manipulation, if one can predict the other	65
14950657855	correlation coefficient	a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	66
14950799784	Correlation does not equal causation	Two conditions may appear together but not cause each other. -Possible presence of a third underlying variable.	67
14950839424	illusory correlation	seeing a relationship where none exists	68
14950960390	random assignment	assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	69
14951011600	double-blind procedure	an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	70
14951143099	independent variable	variable that is manipulated	71
14951143169	dependent variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	72
14951150750	confounding variable	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment, hidden variable	73
14951239047	descriptive research	research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically (case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys	74
14951250604	experimental research	to explore cause and effect (manipulate variables, use random assignment)	75
14951310136	strengh of descriptive reasearch	-case studies only need one person -naturalistic observ. can be used when interfearing can be unethical -survays are cheap	76
14951342876	weaknes of desctiptive research	-single cases may be misleading -cause and effect cant be found out	77
14951367784	strengh of correlation research	-large groups of data -used when experiments aren't ethical	78
14951395884	weaknes of correlation	dosen't specify cause and effect	79
14951440295	strengh of experimental	-find cause and effect -variables are controlled	80
14951453741	weakness of experimental research	-not feasible always -unethical to change all variables	81
14951522980	negitive correlation	One data set decreases as the other increases, line goes down	82
14951526614	positive correlation	Both variables move in the same direction, line goes up	83
14965492385	a big psychologist trait is	critical thinkers	84
14965506251	critical thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	85
14965782689	How to get a random sample of the poputation	random number generator	86
14989945190	Why are operational definitions important when reporting findings	allows others to replicate the procedure	87
14989981698	someone watches a class to see how the students play, what type of research is that	naturalistic observation	88
14990012951	what would you use to tell if a group is libral or conservative	a survey	89
14990032808	testable prediction that gives direction to research	hypothesis	90
14990075663	The most inportant thing when doing a survey	having a representitive sample	91
14990106094	theories are little more than educated guesses	false	92
14990122756	there is little value in studying one person for a long time	false	93
14990128274	opinions of 1500 randomly chosen people can show an entire nations opinions	true	94
14990175884	answers to survey questions can change based on how you ask them	true	95
14990479425	can we trust nice, rounded numbers in stats	na, son!	96
14990508165	descriptive statistics	statistics that summarize the data collected in a study	97
14990524502	Histogram	a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution	98
14990548654	mode	the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution	99
14990551365	mean	average by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores	100
14990561528	Median	the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it	101
14990722872	skewed distribution	a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value	102
14990729829	range	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution	103
14990742783	standard deviation	a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	104
14990780232	normal curve	the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.	105
14990822044	inferetial statistics	numerical data that allows one to generalize, the ability that the data is true for a whole population	106
14990869652	3 principles in seeing if you can generalize from a sample	-is the sample representative -consistent data from the sample w/ low variability -more cases the better/ averages from a lot of cases are clear	107
14990978037	statistical significance	how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	108
14991044686	central tendency	mean, median, mode	109
14991050123	measures of variation	range and standard deviation	110
14991118601	most won't allow statistical significance below what percent	5%	111
14991189127	in normal distribution, what % of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean	68%	112
14991195557	in normal distribution, what % of scores fall within 2 standard deviation of the mean	95%	113
15042000042	psychological science focuses on finding general principles that explains many behaviors	true	114
15042044450	psych principles can predict a group, not an individual	true	115
15042203576	informed consent	an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate	116
15042206028	debreifing	the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any tricks, to its participants	117
15042226161	Ethical principles of research	-informed consent (you can dropout/stop anytime) -protection from harm -confidentiality/ anonymous -debriefing	118
15042304798	researchers try to make their test enviroments as natural as they can	false	119
15085953370	It's important to have a control group	true	120
15085973347	the more expencive the placebo, the better it "works"	true	121
15085990125	in normal distribution mode, mean and median scores could be the same	true	122
15086088132	scatterplots are only used in what studies	correlation	123
15086230720	what central tendency is most changed my extream high scores	Mean	124
15104743814	collectivist cultures	cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes	125
15104768947	individualistic culture	A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.	126
15104820301	why do we use animals in psych	they are like us but less complex	127
15108014998	men and woman often have the same answers in surveys	false	128
15108040430	What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?	allow people to pick if they want to do it	129
15108092485	which descriptive stat. would be used in finding how close a students SAT is to the schools average score	mean	130
15108119482	what method would you use to see if rewards make kids act better	experiment	131
15108135756	When a distribution of scores is skewed, the best representation of central tendency is the	median	132
15108155590	gender studies has found that	they're more similarities that diferences	133
15143929155	------------------	--------------------	134
15143838124	biological psychology	a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior	135
15143863816	Phrenology (Franz Gall)	study of the shape/size of the skull as a indication of character and mental abilities.	136
15143946716	Neurons (nerve cells)	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system	137
15143961041	Dendrites	a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body (they listen)	138
15143971912	Axon	the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands (they speak)	139
15200693606	axon terminal	The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored	140
15144013836	myelin sheath	a fatty tissue layer encasing the axons of some neurons; enables greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next	141
15144058933	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	142
15144122510	refactory period	a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired (reuptake, ions back normal in the axon)	143
15144185005	threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse	144
15144198585	all-or-none response	a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.	145
15144244775	Synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron	146
15144312164	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	147
15200950520	Vesicals	sacks that contain neurotransmitters and release them into the gap and the next dendrite	148
15144319025	Reuptake	a unused neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron	149
15144435664	Endorphins	"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	150
15201189318	excitatory signals	pushing a neuron's accelerator (ex. pain from stub toe)	151
15201201387	inhibitory signals	like pushing a neuron's brake (ex. endorphins help stop pain message)	152
15144439342	Agonist	a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response	153
15144453114	Antagonists	block neurotransmitters	154
15144643683	Acetylcholine (ACh)	Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. With Alzheimer's disease, ACh-producing neurons deteriorate.	155
15144655938	Dopamine	influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (too much has schizophrenia, too little has parkinson's)	156
15144687892	Serotonin	Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression.	157
15144699932	Norepinephrine	helps control alertness and arousal; undersupply can depress mood	158
15144707716	GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)	A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.	159
15144712032	Glutamate	A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory, too mush can cause migraines or seizures	160
15205010336	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems	161
15205019928	Central Nervous System (CNS)	brain and spinal cord	162
15205029280	Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.	163
15205044784	Nerves	bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs	164
15205065151	sensory neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord	165
15205076785	motor neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands	166
15205084600	Interneurons	neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs	167
15205109400	somatic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles	168
15205126853	autonomic nervous system	the part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). usually automatic	169
15205166689	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	170
15205180927	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	171
15205317652	reflexF	a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus (knee-jerk response) uses the spinal cord	172
15205401736	endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream,	173
15205408593	Hormones	chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues	174
15205452763	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress. "fight or flight"	175
15205465653	pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland "Master gland". Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates hight and controls other endocrine glands.	176
15205716822	where are all sensory neurons located in the spinal cord	in the back	177
15227736455	lesion	tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue	178
15227787003	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	An amplified recording of the -waves of electrical activity- that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	179
15227830345	CT (computed tomography) scan	is a series of -X-ray photographs- combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the brain structure. also called a CAT scan	180
15227865271	PET (positron emission tomography) scan	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a -radioactive form of glucose- goes while the brain performs a given task	181
15227888066	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	a technique that uses -magnetic fields and radio waves- to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.	182
15227934254	fMRI (functional MRI)	A technique for revealing -bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity- by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function aswell as structure.	183
15228028939	Brainstem	the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions	184
15228048699	Medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing	185
15228085060	Thalamus	the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas (not smell) in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	186
15228150335	reticular formation	a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal (old brain)	187
15228241107	Cerebellum	the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include -processing sensory input- and -coordinating movement output and balance- accuricy- non verbal- remember experiences	188
15228269205	Pons	coordinates movement with cerebellum	189
15228308983	limbic system	neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with -emotions and drives.-	190
15228344513	Hippocampus	a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process conscious memories for storage	191
15228366924	Amygdala	two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. fear	192
15228432321	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (hunger, thirst, body temperature, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland,) and is linked to -emotion and reward-. not a gland!!	193
15228716291	multiple sclerosis is the result of weakend	myelin sheath	194
15228760722	feel tired, no appetite, wants to stay in bed- what is in short supply	serotonin	195
15228787938	inhibits CNS and calms in stressful times	GABA	196
15228805545	what had its roots in phrenology	brain function localization	197
15228843782	-charge in axon and +charge outside axon, the neuron is	in resting potential	198
15228882745	morphine lifts mood and kills pain, what also does this	endorphins	199
15228904079	when someone is depressed what is in under supply	serotonin and norepinephrine	200
15243053236	All motor neurons are where	in the front of the spinal cord	201
15277404842	cerebral cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. the 4 lobes	202
15277410619	glial cells (glia)	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, learning and thinking	203
15277424198	frontal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in -making plans and judgements-	204
15277428782	parietal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position	205
15277431572	occipital lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields	206
15277438181	temporal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear	207
15277441782	motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	208
15277446963	somatosensory cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	209
15277451307	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking- shows smartness-	210
15277458495	Plasticity	the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience	211
15277465704	neurogenesis	the formation of new neurons	212
15319256401	parathyroid glands	small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues	213
15319261056	thyroid gland	produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth	214
15319340522	Pancreas	Regulates the level of sugar in the blood, uses insulin	215
15319363585	reproductive glands	ovaries and testes, reproduction, hormones sex chararistics	216
15321817965	bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traits	false	217
15321823847	a small about of human brain tissue cannot be distinguished from a monkey	true	218
15321862452	neuron go through a rest time between fires	true	219
15321885471	the brain produces its own opiates to elevate mood and ease pain	true	220
15321932140	the wiring of the nervous system is more complex than a computer	true	221
15321963210	what carries the information necessary to activate your hand to move from a hot object	motor neurons	222
15321987808	what division of the nervous system makes the startle response	sympathetic	223
15322020783	what talks to the pituitary and controls the whole endocrine system	hypothalamus	224
15340399278	cerebral cortex has how many nerve cells and synaptic connections	20-23 billion cells 300 trillion connections	225
15346172002	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them	226
15346176467	split brain	a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them	227
15346189264	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	228
15346196608	cognitive neuroscience	the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)	229
15346218641	dual processing	the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks	230
15346680614	right hemisphere functions	makes inferences modulate our speech sense of self	231
15347098412	what part of the brain gives off adrenaline to boost heartrate when your afraid	hypothalamus	232
15361555971	Broca's area	next motor cortex in frontal lobe, disturpes speaking if you have damage	233
15361580002	Wernicke area function	temporal lobe, disrupts understanding of language if harmed	234
15361991819	Finius Gage	railroad spike to the frontal lobe, personality change.	235
15362579525	left hemisphere	anilitical, thinking, speaking	236
15362586573	right hemesphere	creative, spatial abilitiy, emotions	237