AP Government Landmark Cases Flashcards

10469350623	Engel v Vitale	First Amendment/Establishment Clause - Government-directed prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, even if the prayer is denominationally neutral and students may remain silent or be excused from the classroom during its recitation.	0
10469350624	Lemon v Kurtzman	Parochial schools must be private schools. They cannot be publicly funded via state law. Lemon Test: 1. The statute must have a secular legislative purpose. (Also known as the Purpose Prong) 2. The principal or primary effect of the statute must not advance nor inhibit religion. (Also known as the Effect Prong) 3. The statute must not result in an "excessive government entanglement" with religion. (Also known as the Entanglement Prong)	1
10469350625	Reynolds v U.S.	First Amendment/Free Exercise Clause - the statute can punish criminal activity without regard to religious belief. The First Amendment protected religious belief, but it did not protect religious practices that were judged to be criminal such as bigamy. Those who practice polygamy could no more be exempt from the law than those who may wish to practice human sacrifice as part of their religious belief.	2
10469350626	Baker v. Carr	1962 in Tennessee, federal government has the ability to intervene in a state's redistricting to ensure fairness because redistricting is not just a political question	3
10469350627	NY Times v. U.S.	First Amendment/Freedom of the Press - New York Times and Washington Post could print the Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment	4
10469350628	Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier	First Amendment/Freedom of the Press - school newspaper articles withheld from publication, court ruled schools can exercise editorial concern over the content of student speech so long as they related to school concerns.	5
10469350629	Schenck v. U.S.	First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/non-protected - The circulars urged "Do not submit to intimidation" but advised only peaceful action such as petitioning to repeal the Conscription Act. Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. During wartime, utterances tolerable in peacetime can be punished. Clear and present danger test.	6
10469350630	Gitlow v. New York	First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/non-protected - the government may suppress or punish speech that directly advocates the unlawful overthrow of the government and it upheld the constitutionality of the state statute at issue, which made it a crime to advocate the duty, need, or appropriateness of overthrowing government by force or violence, selective incorporation of 14th amendment.	7
10469350631	Buckley v. Valeo	First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/protected - campaign finance - upheld federal limits on campaign spending and identified spending money to influence elections is a form of free speech	8
10469350632	Tinker v. Des Moines	First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/symbolic speech - students' wearing of armbands in support of Vietnam truce did not interrupt school activities, pure speech	9
10469350633	U.S. v. Lopez	Second Amendment - gun laws about schools not related to interstate commerce and not under federal authority	10
10469350634	Mapp v. Ohio	Fourth Amendment/Exclusionary Rule - evidence taken in unreasonable searches and seizures may not be used in court.	11
10469350635	NJ v. TLO	Fourth Amendment/reasonable suspicion, schools have the ability to search students as they must maintain a safe school environment	12
10469350636	Miranda v. Arizona	Fifth and Sixth Amendment - unless the accused is notified of the reason for their arrest, the ability to consult with an attorney, the ability to not self-incriminate their testimony is not permissible in court.	13
10469350637	Korematsu v. U.S.	Fifth and Sixth Amendment - internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII was Constitutional, justified during times of emergency and peril	14
10469350638	Griswold v. Connecticut	Ninth Amendment - state ban on use of contraceptives violates the right of marital privacy	15
10469350639	Roe v. Wade	Ninth & Fourteenth Amendments/privacy Abortion is a private matter	16
10469350640	Plessy v. Ferguson	Fourteenth Amendment/Separate is Equal - ruled that railway cars provided were essentially equal so no violation of equal protection.	17
10469350641	Brown v. Board of Education	Fourteenth Amendment/Separate not Equal - Integration of Schools - racial segregation violates the equal protection clause	18
10469350642	Regents of California v. Bakke	Fourteenth Amendment/Upheld Affirmative Action - race may be one of several factors in college admission policies.	19
10469350643	Marbury v. Madison	Establishes the Supreme Court as having the power of Judicial Review/interpret the Constitution	20
10469350644	McCulloch v. Maryland	Implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause - Creation of the bank was implied based upon the enumerated power of Congress to tax. State of Maryland could not tax federal bank due to Supremacy Clause	21
10469350645	Gibbons v. Ogden	Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation	22
10469350646	Shaw v. Reno	1993 case in NC with majority-minority districts, court ruled it was an example of racial gerrymandering and thus these districts were unconstitutional. The case was a problem of reverse discrimination. (Redistricting cannot be based on race!)	23
10469350647	New York times v. Sullivan	1964 - public official may not win a libel suit unless they can prove the statement was made knowing to be false or with reckless disregard of its truth	24
10469350648	Texas v. Johnson	A 1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.	25
10469350649	Kelo v. New London (CT)	"Eminent Domain" may be used to take private property for the public good even if this means giving it to private developers	26
10469350650	Barron v. Baltimore	Ruled that the Bill of Rights cannot be applied to the states. (Before selective incorporation and the 14th amendment)	27
10469350651	Gideon v. Wainwright	A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.	28
10469350652	Obergefell v. Hodges	Upholds same sex marriage via 14th amendment equal protection clause	29
10469350653	Wisconsin v. Yoder	Amish children are not required to attend compulsory education past 8th grade.	30
10469350654	Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith	A state can deny unemployment benefits to a person fired for violating a state prohibition on the use of peyote, even though the use of the drug was part of a religious ritual.	31
10469350655	Planned Parenthood v. Casey	A state can regulate abortions in the first trimester, or any point before the point of viability, and beyond as long as that regulation does not pose an undue burden on women's fundamental right to an abortion.	32
10469350656	McDonald v. Chicago	Found that the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms" as protected under the Second Amendment is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment against the states.	33
10469350657	Miller v. CA	Redefined its definition of obscenity from that of "utterly without socially redeeming value" to that which lacks "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value".	34
10469350658	Citizens United V. FEC	Free speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for communications by nonprofit corporations, for-profit corporations, labor unions, and other associations	35