AP Psychology Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 12514003483 | Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | 0 | |
| 12514003484 | Prototype | a mental image or best example of a category | 1 | |
| 12514003485 | Algorithm | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. | 2 | |
| 12514003486 | Heuristic | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. | 3 | |
| 12514003488 | Confirmation bias | A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions | 4 | |
| 12514003489 | fixation | According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. | 5 | |
| 12514003490 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | 6 | |
| 12514003491 | functional fixedness | The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. | 7 | |
| 12514003492 | representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information | 8 | |
| 12514003493 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common | 9 | |
| 12514003494 | framing effect | The decision-making bias that results from the way a decision, question, or problem is worded | 10 | |
| 12514003497 | phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | 11 | |
| 12514003498 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) | 12 | |
| 12514003499 | semantics | Meaning of words and sentences | 13 | |
| 12514003500 | syntax | Sentence structure | 14 | |
| 12514003501 | grammar | a system of rules in a language | 15 | |
| 12514003507 | Linguistic Relativity | Idea that characteristics of language shape our thought processes | 16 | |
| 12514003509 | Mental Age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; your "intellectual age" | 17 | |
| 12514003510 | Chronological age | Age as measured in years from date of birth | 18 | |
| 12514003511 | Intelligence Quotient | Numerical measurement of intelligence, usually accomplished by some form of standardized testing. | 19 | |
| 12514003512 | Stanford-Binet Test | Intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University; the first widely-administered intelligence test during WWI | 20 | |
| 12514003513 | Triarchic Theory | Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative, and practical dimensions | 21 | |
| 12514003518 | Aptitude tests | tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn | 22 | |
| 12514003519 | Achievement tests | tests designed to assess what a person has learned. | 23 | |
| 12514003567 | Standardization | 24 | ||
| 12514003523 | test-retest reliability | a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions | 25 | |
| 12514003528 | Heritability | the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next | 26 | |
| 12514003530 | Flynn Effect | The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations | 27 | |
| 12514003532 | Alfred Binet | Pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the U.S. because it was too culture-bound (French) | 28 | |
| 12514003534 | Robert Sternberg | devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative) | 29 | |
| 12514003537 | Howard Gardner | Theory of multiple intelligences (musical, linguistic, interpersonal, etc.) | 30 | |
| 12514003540 | Noam Chomsky | stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language (Language Acquisition Device or LAD) | 31 | |
| 12514003541 | Benjamin Whorf | language; his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think | 32 | |
| 12514003545 | inductive reasoning | general to specific | 33 | |
| 12514003546 | deductive reasoning | specific to general | 34 | |
| 12514003551 | Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis | word order and word choice can affect our thinking | 35 |