Ap Bio Flashcards

14674298999	Population	a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area	0
14674303130	Community	All the different populations that live together in an area	1
14674304647	Ecosystem	A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.	2
14674305478	Biosphere	part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere	3
14674313098	Biogeography	Study of past and present distribution of organisms	4
14674323218	fixed action pattern	In animal behavior, a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried to completion.	5
14674370717	sign stimulus	External sensory stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern.	6
14674380589	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life	7
14674391470	Kinesis	A simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimuli.	8
14674395581	taxis	Movement toward or away from a stimulus.	9
14674412032	Pheromones	Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species.	10
14674430928	Learning	The modification of behavior based on specific experiences.	11
14674447819	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	12
14674449028	Cognitive Map	A neural representation of the abstract spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings.	13
14674450786	Associatve Learning	the acquired ability to associate one environment feature with another	14
14674451355	Classic Conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	15
14674455721	Operant Conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	16
14674455722	Cognition	the process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection and judgement	17
14674455723	monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, polyandry	having only one spouse at a time Having more than one spouse at a time Having more than one wife at a time Having more than one husband at a time	18
14674455724	Agonistic Behavior	A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates.	19
14674455725	Altruism	selflessness; generosity; devotion to the interests of others	20
14674455726	Kin Selection	Natural selection that favors altruistic behaviors by enhancing reproductive success of relatives.	21
14674455727	Reciprocal altruism	behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future	22
14674455728	Demograhy	study of changes over time in vital stats of populations, especially birth rates and death rates	23
14674457283	Semelparity	Reproduction in which an organism produces all of its offspring in a single event; also known as big-bang reproduction.	24
14674457284	Iteroparirt	Having many reproductive cycles	25
14674457285	Carrying Capacity	Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support	26
14674458529	Exponential growth curve	j-shaped curve showing the rapid increase in an exponentially growing population	27
14674458530	Logistic growth curve	a plot that shows how the initial exponential growth of a population is slowed and finally brought to a standstill by limiting factors	28
14674460381	k-selection	Selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density; also called density-dependent selection.	29
14674460382	r-selection	Selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments; also called density-independent selection.	30
14674460383	ecological footprint	The aggregate land and water area required by a person, city, or nation to produce all of the resources it consumes and to absorb all of the wastes it generates.	31
14674460384	Fundamental niche	The full potential range of the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition from other species.	32
14674460385	Realized niche	the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	33
14674461271	symbiosis	an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with each other	34
14674461272	Parasitism	ecological relationship in which one organism benefits by harming another organism	35
14674463652	Mutualism	ecological relationship between two species in which each species gets a benefit from the interaction	36
14674463653	Commensalism	ecological relationship in which one species receives a benefit but the other species is not affected one way or another	37
14674463654	Keystone species	A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche.	38
14674463655	Invasive species	A species, often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range.	39
14674463656	Ecological succession	transition in the species composition of a community following a disturbance; establishment of a community in an area virtually barren of life	40
14674463657	Primary succession	a type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed	41
14674463658	Secondary succession	Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil	42
14674463659	Autotroph	an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.	43
14674463660	Heterotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.	44
14674463661	Detritivore	A consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms; a decomposer.	45
14674464756	Gross Primary Production	The total primary production of an ecosystem.	46
14674464757	Net primary production	the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration.	47
14674465530	Eutrophication	A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.	48
14674465531	Biogeochemical cycle	any of the various chemical cycles that involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems	49
14674465532	Nitrogen Fixation	the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia	50
14674466706	Biological magnification	a process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each higher trophic level in a food chain	51
14674466707	Greenhouse affect	The trapping of heat by a planet's atmosphere	52
14674466708	Global Warming	An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)	53
14674469319	Acid Precipitation	Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog	54
14674469320	Sustainable environment	a world system that takes into account the limits of the environment, produces enough material goods for everyone's needs, and leaves a heritage of a sound environment for the next generation	55
14786834250	conservation biology	conserving diversity at all levels	56
14786845707	threats to biodiversity	habitat loss, introduced species, overharvesting, global change	57
14786849666	Acid rain	Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water. Rain 5.6 ph or less	58
14786862877	biological magnification	increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web	59
14786881537	Ozone	A form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two.	60
14786884481	greenhouse effect	Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases	61
14786889386	greenhous effect cause	Burning fuels	62
14786893577	global warming	An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)	63
14786900093	global carrying capacity	Maximum number of people that can be sustainably supported by a given environment. About 10-15 million	64
14786920714	sustainable development	Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.	65