ap bio Flashcards

13360370507	catabolic pathways	release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds	0
13360567559	anabolic pathways	consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones	1
13360596563	how can the active site lower the activation energy?	-orienting substrates correctly -straining substrate bonds -providing a favorable microenvironment -covalently bonding to the substrate	2
13586070002	NAD+ and FAD	vitamin derivatives; coenzymes that carry protons or electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the ETC	3
13586084830	NAD dehydrogenase and FAD dehydrogenase	enzymes that facilitate the transfer of hydrogen atoms from a substrate, such as glucose, to its coenzyme NAD+	4
13617474805	theory of endosymbiosis	the idea that eukaryotic cells emerged when mitochondria and chloroplasts, once free living prokaryotes, took up residence inside other larger cells	5
13617586390	what are the functions of the smooth ER?	1. assist in synthesis of steroid hormones 2. stores calcium ions in muscle cells 3. detoxifies drugs and poisons	6
13617597403	what is the function of peroxisomes?	they contain catalase, which converts hydrogen peroxide to water, releasing oxygen	7
13617611493	what is the function of lysosomes?	contains hydrolytic enzymes with functions in autophagy and apoptosis	8
13617620454	autophagy	the process by which a cell renews itself by breaking down and recycling cell parts	9
13617633431	endosymbiotic theory	the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that took up residence inside larger prokaryotic cells billions of years ago	10
13617663525	microtubules	hollow tubes made of tubulin that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers	11
13617671008	microfilaments	assembled from actin filaments and help support the shape of the cell enabling formation of the cleavage furrow, amoeba movement, and skeletal muscle contraction	12
13617695285	middle lamella	the thin, gluey layer formed between the two cell walls during division, keeps daughter cells attached	13
13617702552	integral proteins	proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer; transport substances across the membrane	14
13617702553	peripheral proteins	appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, often exposed to parts of integral proteins	15
13617702554	function of glycolipids and glycoproteins	functions as a marker to distinguish one cell from another	16
13617819993	function of cholesterol	makes the plasma membrane less soluble to small molecules, stabilize the membrane from within it	17
13617831437	integrins	receptors used by animals cells to bind to the matrix	18
13617996208	pinocytosis	the uptake of large dissolved particles; particles are enclosed by a vesicle	19
13618015417	phagocytosis	the engulfing of large particles or small cells by psueudopods; membrane encloses particle into a vacuole	20
13618044015	receptor mediated endocytosis	enables a cell to take up large quantities of very specific substances; how cholesterol is taken up by the blood	21
13618068030	bulk flow	general term for the overall movement of fluid in one direction in an organism	22
13618205577	intracellular receptors	found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of cells	23
13618211592	intracellular ligands	steroid, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide	24
13618295895	caspases	enzymes involved in apoptosis	25
13632812204	cofactors	nonprotein enzyme helpers that may be inorganic, such as an ionic metal or organic	26
13632813794	coenzyme	an organic cofactor, for instance vitamins	27
13632823124	cooperativity (as seen in hemoglobin)	a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity	28
13634475337	chlorophyll a	absorbs light in the violet, blue, and red range, reflecting green, orange, and yellow light	29
13634520526	noncyclic phosphorylation	electrons enter two electron transport chains and ATP and NADPH are produced	30
13634604676	cyclic phosphorylation	sole purpose is to produce ATP to replenish ATP levels	31
13641618268	what is the purpose of the hydrocarbon tail on chlorophyll?	it interacts with the hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes fo chloroplasts	32
13648872113	cleavage	rapid cell division of the zygote that occurs immediately after fertilization, producing a blastula	33
13648888611	gastrulation	process that involves rearrangement of the blastula or blastocyst and begins with the formation of the blastopore	34
13648895620	ectoderm	develops into the skin and nervous system	35
13648896880	endoderm	forms the viscera including the lungs, liver, and digestive organs	36
13648901673	mesooderm	develops into muscle, blood, and bones	37
13648903307	organogenesis	the regions of the three embryonic germ layers develop into initial structures of organs	38
13648956704	embryonic induction	the ability of one group of embryonic cells to influence the development of another group of embryonic cells	39
13648972192	hox genes	master regulatory genes that control the expression of genes that regulate the placement of specific anatomical	40
13649013214	follicle stimulating hormone	released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates ovary to mature secondary oocyte and sperm production	41
13649017702	oxytocin	causes labor	42
13649018837	gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)	released by hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary	43
13649019836	estrogen	released by the anterior pituitary and is responsible for thickening the endometrial lining of the uterus	44
13654810530	virulent phage	a phage that replicates only by the lytic cycle	45
13654815866	lysogenic cycle	allows for the replication of a viral genome without the destruction of a host	46
13654817681	temperate phages	are capable of using both the lytic and lysogenic cycle to reproduce	47
13654829700	provirus	integrated viral DNA that never leaves the host cell's genome	48
13654830978	retroviruses	an RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome	49
13737468690	maturation promoting factor	triggers mitosis; a Cdk-cyclin complex that is activated by the presence of cyclin	50