AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

14947869519	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
14947869520	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
14947869521	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
14947869522	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
14947869523	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
14947869524	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
14947869525	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
14947869526	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
14947869527	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
14947869528	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
14947869529	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
14947869530	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
14947869531	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
14947869532	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
14947869533	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
14947869534	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
14947869535	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
14947869536	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
14947869537	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
14947869538	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
14947869539	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
14947869540	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
14947869541	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
14947869542	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
14947869543	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
14947869544	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
14947869545	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
14947869546	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
14947869547	theory	general idea being tested	28
14947869548	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
14947869549	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
14947869550	mode	appears the most	31
14947869551	mean	average	32
14947869552	median	middle	33
14947869553	range	highest - lowest	34
14947869554	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
14947869555	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
14947869556	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
14947869557	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
14947869558	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
14949744353	Nature-nurture issue	The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today sciences sees traits and behaviors arising from the interactions to nature and nurture.	40
14949792948	Structuralism	Uses introspection to explore the structural elements of humans mind	41
14949812415	Functionalism	How are mental and behavior processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish	42
14949842390	Biological	The interaction between anatomy( Brian, nervous) and behavior. What's affects your body affects you behaviors	43
14949875454	Evolutionary	The study of evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selections. We behave because we interdicted those traits and behaviors.	44
14949923555	cognitive	To understands someone's behavior. we must understand how they think. How does our interpretation of a situation affect our thinking reactions, behaviors.	45
14949950010	behaviors	behaviors is determined by your environment and experience not genetics.	46
14949978966	Humanisitc	Have unique qualities of behaviors different from other animals. Self actualization- process of fulfilling your potential.	47
14950008256	Sociocultural	Your behavior and your feeling are dictated by the culture you live in.	48
14950022331	Psychoanalytic	Interaction between the conscious and unconscious( mental process) that we do not normally have access to but are influenced by shape behaviors.	49
14950099500	Hindsight bias	The tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.( I-knew-it-all-along)	50
14950146707	Operational definition	A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures(operations) used in a research study. -how it will be measured	51
14950215974	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.	52
14950271261	Case study	a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. Survey/testing and naturalistic observation, correlation assessing. Not always generalizable	53
14950286795	Naturalistic observations	observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. Weakness: cannot know what people are thinking or feeling. Strength: easy source of collecting data	54
14950357078	Surveys	a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. Strengths: cheap and easy way to collect data. Can be worded wrong	55
14950466434	Longitudinal studies	The same people are restudied and retreated over a long period of time. Weakness: costly because so long attrition rate is high(subject drop out rate) Strengths: data shows change over time	56
14950519495	Cross sectional study	people of different ages are compared with one another at the same time. Weakness: difference among groups may not be due to age or development but to extraneous variables. Strengths: less time- consuming cheaper	57
14950608859	Laboratory observation	Animals/people studied in a laboratory setting Strengths: researcher can control aspects of study Weakness: laboratory setting do not replicate real life events	58
14950642139	random sample	a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	59
14950682227	Random assignment	Once you have a random sample, randomly assigned them into two groups helps controls for confounding variable -experimental group vs. control group -minimal differences	60
14950756499	confounding variable	Anything that could cause change in B, that is not A	61
14952499525	correlations	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. (Relationship variables) -CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION	62
14952567760	Correlation coefficient	Statistical measure of the relationship between 2 things(+1 to -1) - the closer to +1 to -1 the stronger the relationships -closer to 0 is weaker	63
14952618689	Scatter plot	Graph that represents the values and variables	64
14952634170	Positive correlation	The variables go in the same direction	65
14952643515	Negative correlation	The variables go in opposite direction	66
14952653487	Illusory correction	the perception of a relationship where none exists	67
14952735210	Random assignment	assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	68
14952746032	double-blind procedure	an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	69
14952753704	Placebo	effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent	70
14952766598	Confounding variables	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment	71
14952782964	descriptive statistics	numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.	72
14952792666	Nominal scale	Numbers are used in place of a number or to categorize Ex. Drivers license plate	73
14952809610	Ordinal Scale	(Order) numbers represents a position or an order Ex. Class rank	74
14952825417	Internal scale	Consistent units of measure. Equal spacing between measurements allows for mathematical Ex music notes	75
14952844781	ratio scale	Same consistent units of measure(intervals scale) but with the added property of a zero point	76
14952868165	frequency distribution	Clusters or pattern in the data that would not be seen in an unorganized list	77
14952883736	Grouped frequency distributions	Organizes numbers into equal internal as a way or organizing the number	78
14952915150	measure of central tendencies	mean, median, mode	79
14952919261	Mean	the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. Skewed by extreme waste	80
14952929501	Median	the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it	81
14952934487	Mode	the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution	82
14952940454	Range	Interval, ordinal or ration data	83
14952948758	Variance	Measure that tells how different the scores are from each other.	84
14952965576	Standard deviation	More meaningful. Standard deviation is the square root of the variables. Specific variables	85
14953003714	Research Ethics	1. Obtain informed consent of participants 2. Protect them from harm and discomfort 3. Treat into about participants confidentially 4. Fully debrief participants: explains the research afterwards	86