AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

12195202145	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
12195202146	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
12195202147	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
12195202148	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions, brain functions	3
12195202149	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
12195202150	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
12195202151	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
12195202152	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
12195202153	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
12195202154	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
12195202155	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
12195202156	types of research methods	descriptive(observational), correlational, and experimental	11
12195202157	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
12195202158	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
12195202159	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
12195202160	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
12195202161	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
12195202162	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
12195202163	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
12195202164	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
12195202165	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
12195202166	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
12195202167	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
12195202168	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
12195202169	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
12195202170	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
12195202171	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
12195202172	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
12195202173	theory	general idea being tested	28
12195202174	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
12195202175	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
12195202176	mode	appears the most	31
12195202177	mean	average	32
12195202178	median	middle	33
12195202179	range	highest - lowest	34
12195202180	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
12195202181	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
12195202182	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
12195202183	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
12195202184	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
12195202185	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
12195202186	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
12195202187	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
12195202379	neuron		43
12195202188	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
12195202189	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
12195202190	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
12195202191	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
12195202192	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
12195202193	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
12195202194	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
12195202195	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
12195202196	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
12195202197	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
12195202198	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
12195202199	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
12195202200	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
12195202201	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
12195202202	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
12195202203	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
12195202204	master gland	pituitary gland	60
12195202205	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
12195202206	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
12195202207	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
12195202208	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
12195202209	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
12195202210	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
12195202211	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
12195202212	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
12195202213	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
12195202214	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
12195202215	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
12195202216	hippocampus	process new memory	72
12195202217	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
12195202218	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
12195202219	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
12195202220	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
12195202221	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
12195202222	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
12195202223	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
12195202224	occipital lobe	vision	80
12195202225	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
12195202226	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
12195202227	Broca's area	speaking words	83
12195202228	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
12195202229	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
12195202230	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
12195202231	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
12195202232	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
12195202233	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
12195202240	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	90
12195202243	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	91
12195202259	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	92
12195202265	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	93
12195202274	depressants	slows neural pathways	94
12195202275	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	95
12195202289	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	96
12195202290	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	97
12195202291	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	98
12195202292	classical conditioning	associating outside stimulus to response	99
12195202293	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	100
12195202294	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	101
12195202295	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	102
12195202296	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	103
12195202297	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	104
12195202298	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	105
12195202299	operant conditioning	control by organism	106
12195202300	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	107
12195202301	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	108
12195202302	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	109
12195202303	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	110
12195202304	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	111
12195202305	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	112
12195202307	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	113
12195202308	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	114
12195202311	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	115
12195202312	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	116
12195202313	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	117
12195202314	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	118
12195202315	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	119
12195202316	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	120
12195202317	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	121
12195202318	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	122
12195202319	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	123
12195202322	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	124
12195202327	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	125
12195202329	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	126
12195202331	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	127
12195202332	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	128
12195202333	encoding	information going in	129
12195202334	storage	keeping information in	130
12195202335	retrieval	taking information out	131
12195202336	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	132
12195202337	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	133
12195202338	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	134
12195202339	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	135
12195202340	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	136
12195202341	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	137
12195202342	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	138
12195202343	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	139
12195202344	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	140
12195202345	implicit memory	naturally do	141
12195202346	explicit memory	need to explain	142
12195202347	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	143
12195202348	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	144
12195202349	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	145
12195202350	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	146
12195202351	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	147
12195202352	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	148
12195202353	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	149
12195202354	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	150
12195202358	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	151
12195202359	priming	association (setting you up)	152
12195202360	context	environment helps with memory	153
12195202362	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	154
12195202363	Ebbinghaus forgetting curve	initial rapid rate of forgetting that levels off- relearning	155
12195202365	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	156
12195202375	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	157