AP Pyschology Flashcards

9796775899	structuralism	used introspection to determine the underlying structures of the mind	0
9796775900	introspection	act of looking inward to examine mental experience	1
9796775901	functionalism	need to analyze the purpose of the behavior	2
9796775902	evolutionary perspective	key word: genes	3
9796775903	humanistic perspective	key words: free will, choice, ideal, actualization	4
9796775904	biological perspective	key words: brain, neurotransmitters	5
9796775905	cognitive perspective	key words: perceptions, thoughts	6
9796775906	behavioral perspective	key words: learned, reinforced	7
9796775907	psychoanalytic/dynamic	key words: unconscious, childhood	8
9796775908	sociocultural perspective	key word: society	9
9796775909	biopyschosocial	key words: combo of bio, psychoanalytic, and socio	10
9796775910	mary calkins	first female president of the APA	11
9796775911	Charles darwin	natural selection & evolution	12
9796775912	dorothea dix	reformed mental institutions in the US	13
9796775913	stanley hall	first president of the APA, first journal	14
9796775914	William james	father of American psychology - functionalist	15
9796775915	wilhem wundt	father of modern psychology - structuralist	16
9796775916	Margaret floy washburn	first female with a PhD	17
9796775917	experiment	advantage: researcher controls variable to establish CAUSE AND EFFECT; disadvantage: difficult to generalize	18
9796775918	independent variable	manipulated by the researcher	19
9796775919	experimental group	received the treatment	20
9796775920	control group	placebo, baseline	21
9796775921	placebo effect	shows behaviors associated with the experimental group when having received a plaebo	22
9796775922	double-blind	experiment where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to	23
9796775923	dependent variable	measured variable (it depends on the independent var.)	24
9796775924	operational definition	clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication	25
9796775925	cofound variable	error/flaw in the study	26
9796775926	random assignment	assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - minimizes bias, increase chance of equal representation	27
9796775927	random sample	method for choosing participants - minimizes bias	28
9796775928	validity	accurate results	29
9796775929	reliability	same results every time	30
9796775930	naturalistic observation	advantage: real world validity (observing people in their natural setting); disadvantage: no cause and effect	31
9796775931	correlation	advantage: identify relationship between two variable; disadvantage: no cause and effect	32
9796775932	positive correlation	variable in the same direction (both increasing or both decreasing)	33
9796775933	negative correlation	variables vary in opposite directions (one up and one down or vice versa)	34
9796775934	strong correlation	-.8 is stronger than .2	35
9796775935	weak correlation	.4 is weaker than .7	36
9796775936	case study	advantage: studies ONE person (usually) in great detail- lots of info; disadvantage: no cause and effect	37
9796775937	descriptive stats	shape of the data	38
9796776074	positive skew		39
9796776075	negative skew		40
9796776076	normal distribution		41
9796775938	inferential stats	establishes significance (meaningfulness); significant results = NOT due to chance	42
9796775939	neuron	basic cell of the nervous system	43
9796775940	dendrites	receive incoming signal	44
9796775941	soma	cell body (includes nucleus)	45
9796775942	axon	action potential travels down this	46
9796775943	myelin sheath	speeds up signal now the axon	47
9796775944	terminals	release neurotransmitters - send signal to the next neuron	48
9796775945	synapse	gap between neurons	49
9796775946	action potential	movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane, sends an electrical charge down the axon	50
9796775947	all or nothing law	stimulus must trigger the action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response	51
9796775948	refractory period	neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential	52
9796775949	sensory neurons	receive signals	53
9796775950	afferent neurons	accept signals	54
9796775951	motor neurons	send signals	55
9796775952	efferent neurons	signal exits	56
9796775953	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	57
9796775954	peripheral nervous system	everything in the nervous system but the brain and spinal cord	58
9796775955	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	59
9796775956	autonomic nervous system	involuntary (heart, lungs, etc.)	60
9796775957	sympathetic nervous system	arouses the body for fight or flight	61
9796775958	parasympathetic nervous system	established homeostasis after a sympathetic response	62
9796775959	neurotransmitters	chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons	63
9796775960	GABA	major inhibitory NT	64
9796775961	glutamate	major excitatory NT	65
9796775962	dopamine	reward & movement	66
9796775963	serotonin	moods and emotions	67
9796775964	acetylcholine (ACh)	memory	68
9796775965	epinephrine & norepinephrine	sympathetic NS arousal	69
9796775966	endorphins	pain control, happiness	70
9796775967	oxytocin	love and bonding	71
9796775968	agonist	drug that mimics a NT	72
9796775969	antagonist	drug that blocks a NT	73
9796775970	reuptake	unused NTs are taken back up into the sending neuron; SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) block reuptake - treatment for depression	74
9796775971	hindbrain	oldest part of the brain; includes cerebellum, pons and medulla	75
9796775972	cerebellum	coordinates and regulates muscular movement	76
9796775973	medulla	control center for the heart and lungs	77
9796775974	pons	sleep/arousal; links medulla to the thalamus	78
9796775975	reticular formation	mediates the overall level of consciousness	79
9796775976	forebrain	higher thought processes	80
9796775977	limbic system	controls basic emotions and drives; also concerned with instinct and mood	81
9796775978	amygdala	emotions and fear	82
9796775979	hippocampus	memory	83
9796775980	thalamus	relay center for sensory info	84
9796775981	hypothalamus	reward/ pleasure center, eating behaviors	85
9796775982	broca's area	inability to produce speech	86
9796775983	Wernicke's area	inability to comprehend speech	87
9796775984	cerebral cortex	outer portion of the brain - higher order thought processes	88
9796775985	occipital lobe	back of the head - vision	89
9796775986	frontal lobe	decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality	90
9796775987	parietal lobe	top of the head - sensations	91
9796775988	temporal lobe	sides of the head - hearing and face recognition	92
9796775989	somatosensory cortex	map of our sensory receptors - in parietal lobe	93
9796775990	motor cortex	map of motor receptors - in frontal lobe	94
9796775991	corpus callosum	bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres - sometimes severed in patients with seizures - leads to split-brain patients	95
9796775992	lateralization	the brain has some specialized features - language is processed in the left hemisphere	96
9796775993	split-brain patients	done by Sperry & Gazzanaga; images shown to the right hemisphere will be processed in the left (and vice versa), patients can verbally identify what they saw	97
9796775994	brain plasticity	brain can modify its own structure and functions of the internal or external environment changes	98
9796775995	endocrine system	sends hormones throughout the body	99
9796775996	pituitary gland	controlled by the hypothalamus; release growth hormones	100
9796775997	adrenal glands	related to sympathetic NS; releases adrenaline	101
9796775998	EEG	can observe brain activity - not specific	102
9796775999	XRAY	doesn't show tissues; not useful	103
9796776000	CT/MRI	shows structure of the brain	104
9796776001	PET	glucose shows brain activity	105
9796776002	fMRI	glucose shows activity in real time	106
9796776003	absolute threshold	detection of signal 50% of the time	107
9796776004	difference threshold	aka just noticeable difference; two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion	108
9796776005	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation (don't feel your clothes on you)	109
9796776006	perceptual set	tendency to see something as a part of a group - speeds up signal processing	110
9796776007	inattentional blindness	failure to notice something because you're so focused on another task	111
9796776008	cocktail party effect	notice your name across the room when its spoken when you were not previously paying attention	112
9796776009	pathway of vision	light - cornea - pupil/iris - lens - retina - rods/cones - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - optic chiasm - occipital lobe	113
9796776010	cornea	protects the eye	114
9796776011	pupil/iris	controls the amount of light entering the eye	115
9796776012	lens	focuses light on retina	116
9796776013	fovea	area of best vision (cones here)	117
9796776014	rods	black/white; dim light	118
9796776015	cones	color; bright light	119
9796776016	bipolar cells	connects rod/cones and ganglion cells	120
9796776017	ganglion cells	opponent-processing occurs here	121
9796776018	blind spot	occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye	122
9796776019	feature detectors	specialized cells that see motion, shapes, lines, etc.	123
9796776020	trichromatic theory	three cones for receiving color (blue, red, green); explains color blindness (missing a cone)	124
9796776021	opponent process theory	complementary colors are processed in the ganglion cells - explains why we see an after image	125
9796776022	visual capture	visual system overwhelms all the others	126
9796776023	constancies	recognize the objects do not physically change despite changes in sensory input	127
9796776024	phi phenomenon	adjacent lights blink on/off in succession - looks like movement (traffic signs with arrows)	128
9796776025	stroboscopic movement	motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images (animation)	129
9796776026	interposition	overlapping images appear close (monocular cue)	130
9796776027	relative size	two objects that are usually similar in size, the smaller one is further away (monocular cue)	131
9796776028	relative clarity	hazy objects appear further away (monocular cue)	132
9796776029	texture gradient	coarser objects are closer (monocular cue)	133
9796776030	relative height	things higher in our field of vision look further away (monocular cue)	134
9796776031	linear perspective	parallel lines converge with distance (monocular cue)	135
9796776032	retinal disparity	image is cast slightly different on each retinal, location of image helps us determine depth (binocular cue)	136
9796776033	convergence	eyes strain more (looking inward) as objects draw near (binocular cue)	137
9796776034	top-down processing	whole to smaller parts	138
9796776035	bottom-up processing	smaller parts to whole	139
9796776036	pathway of sound	sound - pinna - auditory canal - ear drum (tympanic membrane) - hammer, anvil, stirrup - oval window - cochlea - auditory nerve - temporal lobes	140
9796776037	outer ear	pinna (ear), auditory canal	141
9796776038	middle ear	ear drum, hammer, anvil, stirrup (bones vibrate to send signals)	142
9796776039	inner ear	cochlea	143
9796776040	place theory	location where hair cells bends to determine sound (high pitches)	144
9796776041	frequency theory	rate at which action potentials are sent determines sound (low pitches)	145
9796776042	pathway of touch	mechanoreceptors - spinal cord - thalamus - somatosensory cortex	146
9796776043	gate-control theory	we have a "gate" to control how much pain is experienced	147
9796776044	kinesthetic sense	sense of body position	148
9796776045	vestibular sense	sense of balance (semicircular canals in inner ear effect this)	149
9796776046	taste (gustation)	5 receptors: bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami (savory)	150
9796776047	smell (olfaction)	only sense that doesn't go through the thalamus, first goes to temporal lobe and amygdala	151
9796776048	gestalt psychology	whole is greater than the sum of its parts	152
9796776049	figure/ground	organize info into figures objects (figures) that stand apart from surrounds (background)	153
9796776050	closure	tendency to mentally fill in gaps	154
9796776051	proximity	tendency to group things together that appear near each other	155
9796776052	similarity	tendency to group things together based off looks	156
9796776053	continuity	tendency to mentally form a continuous line	157
9796776054	higher-level of consciousness	controlled processes - totally aware	158
9796776055	lower-level of consciousness	automatic processing (daydreaming, phone numbers)	159
9796776056	altered state of consciousness	produced through drugs, fatigue, and hypnosis	160
9796776057	subconscious	sleeping and dreaming	161
9796776058	metacognition	thinking about thinking	162
9796776059	beta waves	awake	163
9796776060	alpha waves	high amplitude; drowsy	164
9796776061	stage 1 of sleep	light sleep	165
9796776062	stage 2 of sleep	bursts of sleep spindles	166
9796776063	stages 3 of sleep	delta waves; deep sleep	167
9796776064	stage 4 of sleep	extremely deep sleep	168
9796776065	Rapid Eye Movement (REM)	dreaming	169
9796776066	length of a sleep cycle	90 minutes	170
9796776067	circadian rhythm	24 hour biological clock	171
9796776068	insomnia	inability to fall asleep (due to stress/anxiety)	172
9796776069	sleep walking	due to fatigue, drugs, or alcohol	173
9796776070	night terrors	extreme nightmares - not in REM sleep - typically in children	174
9796776071	narcolepsy	fall asleep out of nowhere; due to deficiency in orexin	175
9796776072	sleep apnea	aka snoring; stop breathing suddenly while asleep; due to obesity usually	176