AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13928141671	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13928141672	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13928141673	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13928141674	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13928141675	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13928141676	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13928141677	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13928141678	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13928141679	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13928141680	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13928141681	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13928141682	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13928141683	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13928141684	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13928141685	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13928141686	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13928141687	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13928141688	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13928141689	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13928141690	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13928141691	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13928141692	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13928141693	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13928141694	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13928141695	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13928141696	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13928141697	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13928141698	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13928141699	theory	general idea being tested	28
13928141700	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13928141701	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13928141702	mode	appears the most	31
13928141703	mean	average	32
13928141704	median	middle	33
13928141705	range	highest - lowest	34
13928141706	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13928141707	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13928141708	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13928141709	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13928141710	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13928141711	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13928141712	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13928141713	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13928141905	neuron		43
13928141714	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13928141715	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13928141716	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13928141717	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13928141718	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13928141719	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13928141720	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13928141721	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13928141722	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13928141723	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13928141724	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13928141725	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13928141726	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13928141727	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13928141728	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13928141729	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13928141730	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13928141731	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13928141732	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13928141733	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13928141734	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13928141735	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13928141736	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13928141737	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13928141738	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13928141739	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13928141740	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13928141741	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13928141742	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13928141743	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13928141744	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13928141745	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13928141746	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13928141747	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13928141748	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13928141749	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13928141750	occipital lobe	vision	80
13928141751	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13928141752	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13928141753	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13928141754	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13928141755	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13928141756	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13928141757	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13928141758	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13928141759	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13928141760	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13928141761	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13928141762	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13928141763	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13928141764	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13928141765	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13928141766	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13928141767	rods	night time	97
13928141768	cones	color	98
13928141769	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13928141770	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13928141771	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13928141772	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13928141773	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13928141774	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13928141775	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13928141776	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13928141777	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13928141778	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13928141779	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13928141780	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13928141781	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13928141782	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13928141783	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13928141784	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13928141785	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13928141786	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13928141787	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13928141788	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13928141789	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13928141790	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13928141791	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13928141792	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13928141793	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13928141794	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13928141795	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13928141796	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13928141797	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13928141798	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13928141799	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13928141800	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13928141801	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13928141802	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13928141803	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13928141804	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13928141805	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13928141806	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13928141807	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13928141808	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13928141809	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13928141810	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13928141811	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13928141812	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13928141813	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13928141814	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13928141815	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13928141816	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13928141817	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13928141818	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13928141819	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13928141820	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13928141821	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13928141822	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13928141823	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13928141824	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13928141825	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13928141826	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13928141827	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13928141828	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13928141829	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13928141830	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13928141831	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13928141832	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13928141833	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13928141834	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13928141835	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13928141836	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13928141837	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13928141838	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13928141839	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13928141840	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13928141841	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13928141842	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13928141843	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13928141844	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13928141845	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13928141846	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13928141847	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13928141848	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13928141849	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13928141850	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13928141851	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13928141852	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13928141853	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13928141854	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13928141855	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13928141856	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13928141857	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13928141858	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13928141859	encoding	information going in	189
13928141860	storage	keeping information in	190
13928141861	retrieval	taking information out	191
13928141862	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13928141863	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13928141864	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13928141865	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13928141866	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13928141867	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13928141868	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13928141869	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13928141870	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13928141871	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13928141872	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13928141873	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13928141874	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13928141875	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13928141876	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13928141877	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13928141878	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13928141879	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13928141880	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13928141881	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13928141882	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13928141883	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13928141884	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13928141885	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13928141886	context	environment helps with memory	216
13928141887	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13928141888	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13928141889	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13928141890	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13928141891	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13928141892	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13928141893	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13928141894	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13928141895	prototypes	generalize	225
13928141896	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13928141897	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13928141898	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13928141899	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13928141900	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13928141901	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13928141902	grammar is _________	universal	232
13928141903	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13928141904	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234