AP Psychology - Development Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

14938694939	Developmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.	0
14938694940	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.	1
14938694941	Embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.	2
14938694942	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	3
14938694943	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	4
14938694944	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.	5
14938694945	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
14938694946	Maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	7
14938694947	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	8
14938694948	Schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.	9
14938694949	Assimilation	interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.	10
14938694950	Accommodation	Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	11
14938694951	Sensorimotor Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.	12
14938694952	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	13
14938694953	Preoperational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.	14
14938694954	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.	15
14938694955	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	16
14938694956	Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.	17
14938694957	Concrete Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.	18
14938694958	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	19
14938694959	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.	20
14938694960	Stranger Anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.	21
14938694961	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.	22
14938694962	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.	23
14938694963	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.	24
14938694964	Temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.	25
14938694965	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.	26
14938694966	Self-Concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	27
14938694967	Gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.	28
14938694968	Aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.	29
14938694969	X Chromosome	the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child.	30
14938694970	Y Chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	31
14938694971	Testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.	32
14938694972	Role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	33
14938694973	Gender Role	a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.	34
14938694974	Gender Identity	our sense of being male or female.	35
14938694975	Gender Typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.	36
14938694976	Social Learning Theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.	37
14938694977	Adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.	38
14938694978	Puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.	39
14938694979	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.	40
14938694980	Secondary Sex Characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.	41
14938694981	Menarche	the first menstrual period.	42
14938694982	Identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	43
14938694983	Social Identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.	44
14938694984	Intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.	45
14938694985	Emerging Adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.	46
14938694986	Cross-Sectional Study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.	47
14938694987	Longitudinal Study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.	48
14938694988	Crystallized Intelligence	our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.	49
14938694989	Fluid Intelligence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.	50
14938694990	Social Clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.	51
14938694991	Moro reflex	Infant startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Usually disappears after four months.	52
14938694992	Babinski reflex	Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched	53
14938694993	holographic speech	one word declarations by children at about age 1	54
14938694994	Vygotsky	Believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with concrete objects Zones of Proximal Devl: social interaction influences learning. Students learn best when teachers teach them something they don't know yet, and then provide students opportunities to practice and learn with other peers and adults supporting.	55
14938694995	Piaget	theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development. Growth occurs in stages - sensory motor (0-2), pre-operational, experiential (2-7), concrete operational (7-11) formal operational (11+) formal and abstract operations	56
14938694996	Kohlberg	theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development. Development; Concepts: stages of moral development; Study Basics: Studied boys responses to and processes of reasoning in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).	57
14938694997	Erikson	Proposed that individuals go through 8 distinct, universal stages of development. Each stage consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis. Infant; 0-2 years: Trust Vs. mistrust 2. Toddler; 2-3 years: Autonomy Vs shame and doubt 3. Preschool; 3-5 years: Initiative Vs guilt 4. School age; 6-12 years: Industry Vs inferiority 5. Adolescent; 12-18 years: Identity Vs identity (or role) confusion 6. Young adult: 18-25 years: Intimacy Vs isolation 7. Middle adult: 25-45 years: Generativity Vs stagnation 8. Older adult: 45-death: Ego integrity Vs despair	58
14938694998	Bandura	Social Learning Theory Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory Social Learning Theory - emphasizes modeling or observational learning as a powerful source of development and behavior modification	59
14938694999	empty-nest syndrome	the feelings of sadness or loneliness that accompany children's leaving home and entering adulthood	60
14938695000	dementia	Impairment of mental functioning and global cognitive abilities in otherwise alert individuals, causing memory loss and related symptoms and typically having a progressive nature	61
14938695001	Alzheimer's disease	chronic, progressive, degenerative cognitivedisorder that accounts for more than 60% of all dementias an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning	62
14938695002	Kubler-Ross	Her theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a squence of 5 stages: 1. denial, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, and 5. acceptance	63
14938695003	stages vs. continuity	Debate over development occurring in set time periods verses continual or individual changes and development	64