AP Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

Unit one: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of life

15209665744	Matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass.	0
15209665745	Element	Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.	1
15209665746	Compound	Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. *Characteristics different than those of its elements	2
15209665747	CHON	4 elements essential to life	3
15209665748	Trace Elements	Required by an organism only in minute quantities.	4
15209665749	Atom	Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space.	5
15209665750	Subatomic particles	Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.	6
15209665751	Proton	One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus.	7
15209665752	Electron	One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.	8
15209665753	Atomic Nucleus	Dense core packed with protons and neutrons.	9
15209665754	Neutrons	Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.	10
15209665755	Atomic Number	The number of protons (which is unique to that element) and written as a subscript to left of element symbol. Also tells us number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral	11
15209665756	Mass Number	Sum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation of the atomic mass.	12
15209665757	Isotopes	Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons and therefore different mass. Same element.	13
15209665758	Radioactive Isotope	One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications.	14
15209665759	Energy	Capacity to cause change	15
15209665760	Potential Energy	Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus.	16
15209665761	Electron Shells	Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.	17
15209665762	Valence Electrons	Electrons in the outermost shell.	18
15209665763	Chemical Bonds	The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.	19
15209665764	Covalent Bond	Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.	20
15209665765	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	21
15209665766	Single Bond	One pair of shared electrons.	22
15209665767	Structural Formula	H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding.	23
15209665768	Double Bond	Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.	24
15209665769	Valence	Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost (valence) shell.	25
15209665770	Electronegativity	The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.	26
15209665771	Nonpolar Covalent Bond	Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.	27
15209665772	Polar Covalent Bond	Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.	28
15209665773	Ionic Bonds	The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond.	29
15209665774	Ion	A charged atom.	30
15209665775	Cation	A positively charged atom.	31
15209665776	Anion	A negatively charged atom.	32
15209665777	Ionic Compounds	Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.	33
15209665778	Hydrogen Bond	When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.	34
15209665779	van der Waals Interactions	Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.	35
15209665780	Molecular Shape	Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another.	36
15209665781	Reactants	The starting materials of a chemical reaction.	37
15209665782	Products	The resulting material of a chemical reaction.	38
15209665783	Chemical Equilibrium	The point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly.	39
15209665784	organic chemistry	The study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds).	40
15209665832	carbon	this atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms	41
15209665785	hydrocarbon	An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.	42
15209665786	isomer	One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers.	43
15209665787	structural isomer	One or several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms. (DIFFERENT SHAPE)	44
15209665788	geometric isomer	One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds (DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT)	45
15209665789	enantiomer	One or two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. (MIRROR IMAGE)	46
15209665790	estradiol	A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals.	47
15209665791	testosterone	Asteroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals.	48
15209665792	functional groups	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	49
15209665793	hydroxyl group	A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.	50
15209665794	ketone group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen (must be in middle of chain)	51
15209665833	ester group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen (must be in middler of chain)	52
15209665834	aldehyde group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen (must be at end of chain)	53
15209665795	carboxyl group	A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group	54
15209665835	ionized carboxyl group	A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a negatively charged oxygen	55
15209665796	amino group	A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1⁺	56
15209665797	sulfhydryl group	A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	57
15209665798	phosphate group	A chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.	58
15209665836	Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids	Name the 4 types of macromolecules	59
15209665837	Metabolism	All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism	60
15209665838	Catabolism	Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds	61
15209665839	Anabolism	Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules	62
15209665840	Hydrolysis	Pocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.	63
15209665841	Dehydration synthesis	Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule	64
15209665842	Polymers	Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.	65
15209665843	Glycosidic linkage	In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______.	66
15209665844	Monosaccharides	Carbohydrates are made up of _______________.	67
15209665845	Monosaccharide	The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________. EX: Glucose	68
15209665846	Disaccharide	Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________. EX: Sucrose	69
15209665847	Polysaccharide	Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________.	70
15209665848	Glycosidic linkage	The bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______.	71
15209665849	Chitin; cellulose	Two examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________.	72
15209665850	Cellulose	Polymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls	73
15209665851	Glycogen; starch	Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______.	74
15209665852	α glucose	Starch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules.	75
15209665853	Polymers	Lipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________.	76
15209665854	Lipids	Cushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________.	77
15209665855	Glycerol; fatty acid chains	Triglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______.	78
15209665856	Unsaturated fats	Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.	79
15209665857	Phospholipid	Basic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability.	80
15209665858	Steroid	Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings.	81
15209665859	HDL	Good cholesterol is called ___ ____________. HINT: Keep your ____ HIGH :-)	82
15209665860	LDL	The bad cholesterol, which can harden in arteries. HINT: Keep your ____ LOW :-)	83
15209665861	Ester linkage	In a triglyceride, the ---OH of glycerol loses a H and the ---COOH of the fatty acid chain loses a ---OH which joins to form water in a(n) _____ _______.	84
15209665862	Amino acid	The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____.	85
15209665863	Amino; carboxyl; R	Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.	86
15209665864	20	# different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins.	87
15209665865	Peptide	In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.	88
15209665866	Polypeptide	The polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________.	89
15209665867	3D structure	The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.	90
15209665868	Structure	A protein's _________ determines its function.	91
15209665869	Primary	At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.	92
15209665870	Secondary	At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.	93
15209665871	β Pleated Sheet	__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.	94
15209665872	α Helix	___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.	95
15209665873	Tertiary	At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical associations in precise regions of a polypeptide cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.	96
15209665874	Quaternary	At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.	97
15209665875	Sickle cell anemia	In this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels.	98
15209665876	Hormonal	Insulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins.	99
15209665877	Receptor	________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells.	100
15209665878	Contractile/Movement	___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells.	101
15209665879	Transport	_____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells.	102
15209665880	Defensive	_________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them.	103
15209665881	Denaturation	Excessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.	104
15209665882	Chaperonins	Assist in the proper folding of the protein by keeping the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic and create a hydrophilic environment for folding polypeptides	105
15209665883	Nucleotides	Nucleic acids are composed of ___________.	106
15209665884	Polynucleotide	The polymer in a nucleic acid is a(n) ______________.	107
15209665885	Phosphodiester bonds	Nucleotides link together via ________ _____ to form nucleic acid.	108
15209665886	Ribose	The sugar in RNA is ______.	109
15209665887	deoxyribose	The sugar in DNA is ______.	110
15209665888	A, T, C, G	The nitrogenous bases in DNA are ____.	111
15209665889	A, U, C, G	The nitrogenous bases in RNA are ____.	112
15209665890	Hydrogen	Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds.	113
15209665891	sugars; phosphate groups	The backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________.	114
15209665799	polar covalent	type of bond in water? Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen and the electrons of the polar bonds spend more time near oxygen thus, making oxygen more negativity charged and hydrogen more positively charged	115
15209665800	Cohesion	holding a substance together	116
15209665801	Adhesion	clinging of a substance to another	117
15209665802	Capillary action	the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid, which causes the liquid to rise or fall Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without assistance. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid. When adhesion > cohesion, capillary action occurs.	118
15209665803	Surface Tension	A measure of how difficult it is to break/stretch a surface	119
15209665804	Kinetic Energy	energy of motion	120
15209665805	Heat	total kinetic energy due to molecular motion	121
15209665806	Calorie	amount of heat it takes to move 1 gram of substance 1 degree Celsius higher	122
15209665807	Temperature	intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy	123
15209665808	Specific heat	amount of heat needed to be absorbed /lost to change the temperature by 1 degree Celsius water has a high _____.	124
15209665809	water	1 calorie/1 gram/I degree Celsius is the specific heat of ____.	125
15209665810	Evaporative cooling	remains of a liquid cool down	126
15209665811	vaporization	amount of heat needed to turn liquid into gas	127
15209665812	evaporation	process of liquid becoming gas	128
15209665813	How does the density of water contribute to aquatic life?	if ice sank, ponds/oceans/lakes would freeze solid, killing the life (during the summer only top would thaw) instead the floating ice insulates liquid water from below preventing it from freezing and killing animals	129
15209665814	solution	liquid completely homogeneous of two or more substances	130
15209665815	solvent	dissolving agent	131
15209665816	solute	substance dissolved	132
15209665817	aqueous solution	water is solvent	133
15209665818	hydration shell	sphere of water molecules around dissolved ions	134
15209665819	hydrophobic	water hating substances	135
15209665892	hydrophilic	water loving substances	136
15209665820	mole	the molecular weightof a substance expressed in grams (6.02 x 10^23)	137
15209665821	molarity	concentration measured by number of mols/liter of solution	138
15209665822	hydrogen ion	H+	139
15209665823	hydroxide ion	OH-	140
15209665824	hydronium ion	H30+	141
15209665825	acids	increase H+ concentration	142
15209665826	bases	reduce H+ concentration	143
15209665827	pH scale	measures concentration of H+ (scale from 1-14)	144
15209665828	buffers	substance that minimizes changes in H+/OH- concentration	145
15209665829	acid precipitation	presence of sulfur oxides/nitrogen oxides and gaseous compounds react with air and goes into lakes, oceans, and soil, affecting animal life	146