AP Biology Unit 1 Flashcards
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| 7853685272 | Archaea | one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria | 0 | |
| 7853685278 | Eukarya | the domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms | 1 | |
| 7853685279 | Eukaryotic Cell | a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. | 2 | |
| 7853685288 | Prokaryotic Cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles | 3 | |
| 7853685291 | Anion | a negatively charged ion | 4 | |
| 7853685295 | Cation | a positively charged ion | 5 | |
| 7853685297 | Compound | a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio | 6 | |
| 7853685298 | Covalent bond | a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one of more pairs of valence electrons | 7 | |
| 7853685303 | Hydrogen bond | a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule | 8 | |
| 7853685305 | Ionic bond | a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions | 9 | |
| 7853685313 | Van der Waals interactions | Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges | 10 | |
| 7853685315 | Adhesion | the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds | 11 | |
| 7853685316 | Base | a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution | 12 | |
| 7853685318 | Cohesion | the linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds | 13 | |
| 7853685319 | Hydrophilic | an affinity for water | 14 | |
| 7853685320 | Hydrophobic | having no affinity for water | 15 | |
| 7853685326 | Specific heat | the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius | 16 | |
| 7853685327 | Surface tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid | 17 | |
| 7853685328 | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed | 18 | |
| 7853685329 | Amino group | a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms | 19 | |
| 7853685330 | Carbonyl group | a chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom | 20 | |
| 7853685331 | Carboxyl group | a chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group | 21 | |
| 7853685332 | Functional group | a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions | 22 | |
| 7853685334 | Hydroxyl group | a chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols. | 23 | |
| 7853685338 | Phosphate group | a chemical group consisting of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atom | 24 | |
| 7853685339 | Amino acid | an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; serve as the monomers of polypeptides | 25 | |
| 7853685340 | Antiparallel | referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' to 3' directions) | 26 | |
| 7853685341 | Carbohydrates | a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharide) or one of its polymers (polysaccharide) | 27 | |
| 7853685342 | Catalysts | a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | 28 | |
| 7853685343 | Cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta-glycosidic linkages | 29 | |
| 7853685345 | Chitin | a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods | 30 | |
| 7853685346 | Cholesterol | a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones | 31 | |
| 7853685347 | Dehydration reaction | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule | 32 | |
| 7853685348 | Denaturation | in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive | 33 | |
| 7853685349 | Deoxyribose | the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose | 34 | |
| 7853685350 | Enzyme | a macromolecule (usually a protein) that serves as a catalyst | 35 | |
| 7853685351 | Fat | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triglyceride | 36 | |
| 7853685353 | Glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | 37 | |
| 7853685354 | Glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals | 38 | |
| 7853685355 | Hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water | 39 | |
| 7853685356 | Lipid | any of a group or large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water | 40 | |
| 7853685357 | Monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer | 41 | |
| 7853685358 | Nucleic acid | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; the two types are DNA and RNA | 42 | |
| 7853685359 | Nucleotide | the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups | 43 | |
| 7853685360 | Peptide bond | the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on on amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction | 44 | |
| 7853685361 | Phospholipid | a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; they form bilayers that function as biological membranes | 45 | |
| 7853685362 | Polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds | 46 | |
| 7853685363 | Protein | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure | 47 | |
| 7853685364 | Ribose | the sugar component of RNA nucleotides | 48 | |
| 7853685365 | RNA | a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, C, G, and U | 49 | |
| 7853685366 | Starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha-glycosidic linkages | 50 | |
| 7853685369 | Polysaccharide | a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions | 51 | |
| 7853685370 | Monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides | 52 | |
| 7853735376 | Nucleus | A membrane‐bound organelle in eukaryotic cells functioning to maintain the integrity of the genetic material and, through the expression of that material, controlling and regulating cellular activities. | 53 | |
| 7853739735 | Nucleolus | A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes | 54 | |
| 7853742621 | Ribosomes | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits. | 55 | |
| 7853745389 | Endomembrane System | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits. |  | 56 |
| 7853748334 | Vesicles | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell | 57 | |
| 7853750490 | Smooth ER | Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells). |  | 58 |
| 7853753009 | Rough ER | A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins. |  | 59 |
| 7853763376 | Glycoproteins | Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins. |  | 60 |
| 7853765698 | Golgi Apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. |  | 61 |
| 7853770748 | Lysosome | A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones. | 62 | |
| 7853772999 | Phagocytosis | The non-specific uptake of solid material by a cell accomplished by englufing the particle with plasma membrane and drawing it into the cell. |  | 63 |
| 7853778312 | Vacuoles | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates | 64 | |
| 7853778313 | Mitochondria | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP |  | 65 |
| 7853783558 | Chloroplast | Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |  | 66 |
| 7853790257 | Peroxisome | A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. | 67 | |
| 7853793445 | Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |  | 68 |
| 7853796876 | Motor Proteins | A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell. |  | 69 |
| 7853800065 | Microtubules | A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. |  | 70 |
| 7853807001 | Centerosome | Condensed genetic material (chromatin) that is present during mitosis | 71 | |
| 7853810012 | Centrioles | A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. | 72 | |
| 7853811609 | Flagella | A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane. | 73 | |
| 7853814195 | Cilia | The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner | 74 | |
| 7853818685 | Microfilaments | Made of the protein actin and help support the shape of the cell. They enable animal cells to form a cleavage furrow during cell division or the amoeba to move by sending out pseudopods. | 75 | |
| 7853818686 | Actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. | 76 | |
| 7853820978 | Myosin | A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber | 77 | |
| 7853825826 | Plasmodesmata | An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells | 78 | |
| 7853825828 | Gap Junctions | Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions. | 79 | |
| 7853839114 | Local Signals | Cells communicating by direct contact |  | 80 |
| 7853844778 | Local Regulators | Messenger molecules that travel short distances | 81 |