AP Bio Test 4 Flashcards

15296203913	define energy	the ability to do work	0
15296250874	What is potential energy? (w example)	energy that is stored ex-water behind a dam	1
15296257790	what is kinetic energy? (w example)	energy of motion ex- releasing arrow from a bow	2
15296277875	what are the 6 specific types of energy?	mechanical, light, heat, sound, electrical and chemical	3
15296284983	What is the first law of thermodynamics?	Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed and transferred	4
15296289062	What is the second law of thermodynamics?	entropy is constantly increasing in the universe AND energy transformation tend to go towards a state of more disorder but higher stability	5
15296432083	endergonic reaction	Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.	6
15296439900	exergonic reaction	Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.	7
15296452754	what is the equations for calculating free energy?	delta G= delta H- T delta S	8
15296457474	delta H is negative	reactant has more energy and the reaction is exergonic	9
15296463234	delta H is positive	product has more energy and the reaction is endergonic	10
15296469615	delta G is positive	not spontaneous	11
15296469617	delta G is negative	spontaneous	12
15296474152	delta S is positive	more disorder	13
15296474153	delta S is negative	less disorder	14
15296484328	4 factors that affect entropy	state of matter, particle size, temperature, number of particles	15
15296518842	endergonic reactions start with...	poor reactants and rich products	16
15296522544	exergonic reactions start with....	rich reactants and poor products	17
15296529763	what is enthalpy?	the amount of energy stored in the products vs reactants. (H)	18
15297156822	what is energy coupling?	the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction ( has a positive delta G value and will not occur spontaneously)	19
15297173890	how does ATP play a role in energy coupling?	the previous reaction combines with ATP hydrolysis; formation of ATP is an endergonic process	20
15297203612	how can an enzyme affect the rate of reaction?	through a catalyst, it can speed up the chemical reaction and make the rate of reaction higher	21
15297206760	how can an enzyme affect the activation energy?	enzymes lower the amount of activation energy needed to make reactants into products.	22
15297447216	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	23
15297449647	substrate	reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	24
15297451976	active site	The part of an enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs.	25
15297454688	products	Ending materials in a chemical reaction.	26
15297461705	competitive inhibitor	competes with substrate for active site	27
15297467185	non-competitive inhibitor	an inhibitor that binds to an enzyme at an allosteric site.	28
15297479506	cofactors (w examples)	nonprotein enzyme helpers (small and non polar) Zn2+ Fe2+ Cu2+ Mg2+	29
15297496101	coenzymes	organic cofactors that aid enzyme actions coenzyme A and B vitamins NAD FAD	30
15297519072	enzyme in the old lab	catalyst	31
15297519073	substrate in the old lab	H2O2	32
15297522395	products in the old lab	O2 and H2O	33
15297546987	why did we use KMnO4 in the old lab?	to figure out how much H2O2 was left in the beaker	34
15297630049	How does low temperature affect enzymes?	enzyme and substrate don't collide as often so less product is formed	35
15297633863	How does high temperature affect enzymes?	hydrogen bonds ae broken and the enzyme gets denatured	36
15297647040	how does a basic pH affect enzymes?	hydrogen bonds interfered with shapes/changes and lots of (OH)- CAUSES SLOW OR NO REACTION	37
15297655920	how does a very acidic pH affect enzymes?	lots of H+ and H+ interfere with hydrogen bonds changing the shape of the enzyme CAUSES SLOW OR NO REACTION	38
15297668902	what is the optimal pH for an enzyme?	6-8	39
15297701038	how do you calculate rate of reaction?	Product 2- Product 1 / Time 2- Time 1	40
15297730664	what is an allosteric site?	a different location that is not the active site of enzyme catalysis - non-competitive inhibitors bind here	41
15297744568	what is allosteric regulation?	when an enzymes functionality at the active site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule	42
15297770569	Why is feedback inhibition important?	it prevents the cell from wasting resources by synthesizing more product than necessary	43
15297788619	what role do activators play in allosteric regulation? where does it bind?	bind to the allosteric site of the enzyme and stables it in its active form	44
15297800209	what role do inhibitors play in allosteric regulation? where does it bind?	binds to the allosteric site and stabilizes it in its inactive form	45