AP Bio Flashcards

14366383718	Molecule	A chemical structure with 2 or more atoms	0
14366386413	Organelle	The functional components present in cells. Example: Chloroplast	1
14366390906	Cell	Life's fundamental unit of structure and function	2
14366394550	Tissue	A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function	3
14366401020	Organ	A body part made of multiple tissues that has specific functions in the body. Example: Leaf.	4
14366413114	Organism	An individual living thing	5
14366418971	Population	Consists of all the individuals of a species living within a specific area	6
14366427634	Community	The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem	7
14366433806	Ecosystem	Consists of all the living things in a particular area as well as all the non-living components with which they interact.	8
14366444859	Biosphere	Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.	9
14464558630	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	10
14464563643	Emergent properties example	Having a box of bicycle parts don't do anything but if they're arranged a certain way you can move	11
14464588715	Prokaryotic cell	Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells; lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	12
14464602782	Eukaryotic cell	Generally larger than prokaryotic cells; has a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles	13
14464661842	Evolution	the concept that the organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of common ancestors	14
14475085113	Hypothesis	an explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction	15
14475086694	Theory	Broader in scope than a hypothesis and more general. It is also supported by more evidence.	16
14475158200	Controlled experiment	compares an experimental group with a control group	17
14475174441	Independent variable	The variable that is manipulated	18
14475178440	Dependent variable	The factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable	19
14475357109	Negative control	Something to show no affect	20
14512674798	Matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space	21
14512677343	Element	A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions	22
14512682393	Compound	a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	23
14512697919	The four main elements of life	oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen	24
14512706118	Trace elements	Required by an organism in only minute quantities	25
14512712043	Atom	The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element	26
14512718970	Proton	Positively charged, packed together tightly with neutrons at the center of an atom (atomic nucleus)	27
14512720188	Electron	Negatively charged; located outside the atomic nucleus as the electron cloud	28
14512722535	Neutron	Has a neutral charge, packed together tightly with protons at the center of an atom	29
14512750181	Isotope	different atomic forms of the same element	30
14512776698	How many neutrons does carbon-14 ( 14/6C) have?	8 (14-6=8)	31
14512819245	Valence shells and electrons and how they are involved with bonding	Atoms interact in a way that completes their valence shell, either sharing or transferring valence electrons	32
14512844132	Covalent bond	The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms	33
14517759762	Electronegativity	The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.	34
14517763169	More electronegativity means...	The stronger it pulls shared electrons towards itself	35
14517769492	Nonpolar covalent bond	A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms (because they're the same element)	36
14517776314	Polar covalent bond	A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. (H20)	37
14517780424	Ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another because one is more electronegative	38
14517786552	Cation	A positively charged ion	39
14517786924	Anion	A negatively charged ion	40
14517829376	Hydrogen bond	the weak, noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen atom (with partially positive charge) and an electronegative atom.	41
14517857396	Van der Waals interactions	Form because electrons aren't evenly distributed and accumulate by chance in one part of the molecule causing them to stick together weakly	42
14517901621	Chemical reaction	the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter	43
14517905535	Reactants	Starting materials in a chemical reaction	44
14517906811	Products	Resulting materials in a chemical reaction	45
14517918840	Chemical equilibrium	The point at which the reactions offset one another exactly (have stabilized at a particular ratio)	46
14517927155	Water being a polar molecule allows...	Hydrogen bonds to form	47
14664573605	Cohesion	hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together (Example: transport of water against gravity in plants)	48
14664587418	Adhesion	The clinging of one substance to another (Example: As water evaporates from a leaf, the hydrogen bond pulls on water molecules further down)	49
14664650770	Specific heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C. (how well a substance resists changing it's temperature)	50
14664674136	Specific heat importance	The water that covers most of Earth keeps temperature fluctuations on land and in water within limits that permit life.	51
14664697498	Evaporative cooling	As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools	52
14664721847	Why it's important that ice floats:	Because if it sank, then all bodies of water would eventually freeze solid, making life as we know it impossible	53
14664744187	Solution	mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed (Example: sugar water)	54
14664747709	Solvant	dissolving agent (Example: water)	55
14664752321	Solute	The substance that is dissolved (Example: sugar)	56
14664764976	Surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid (Hydrogen bonds make water have a high surface temperature)	57
14664780559	Aqueous solution	A solution in which water is the solvent	58
14664784410	Hydrophobic	Nonpolar or nonionic substances that repel water	59
14664786960	Hydrophilic	Any substance that has an affinity for water	60
14674217358	Acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.	61
14674237870	Base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	62
14674331590	The neutral pH:	7	63
14674344018	Acids on the pH scale:	0-6	64
14674357691	Bases on the pH scale:	8+	65
14674397493	Each Ph difference:	10	66
14674405539	How many more times acidic is a substance that has a pH of 5 than a pH of 7?	100 times	67
14674428956	Buffer	a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution	68
14674439436	Why buffers are important:	Keeps pH in blood mostly constant	69
14674434957	Cytosol	The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.	70
14697095184	Eukaryotic cell characteristics:	Most of the DNA is stored in the nucleus	71
14697097333	Prokaryotic cell characteristics:	DNA is mostly in a region not membrane-enclosed, called the nucleoid	72
14697111171	Cytoplasm	The region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus, has no organelles, smaller	73
14697122962	Plasma membrane	selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell	74
14697132532	Why the surface area to volume ratio in cells is important:	For each square micrometer of membrane, only a limited amount of a particular substance can cross per second, making surface area important	75
14708352184	Nucleus	Contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell	76
14708356452	Nuclear envelope	Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm	77
14708366306	Chromosomes	Structures that carry the genetic information	78
14708375585	Nucleolus	Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes	79
14708382786	Ribosomes	Carry out protein synthesis	80
14708404481	Endomembrane System	includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane	81
14708415345	Vesicles	Sacs made of membrane	82
14708430862	Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)	An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.	83
14708505612	Golgi Apparatus	A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell	84
14708548732	Lysosome	A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules	85
14708578710	Vacuole	A large vesicle derived from the ER and Golgi Apparatus, often acting as storage	86
14724964260	Mitochondrion	The site of cellular respiration	87
14724973699	Chloraplast	The site of of photosynthesis	88
14724998935	Endosymbiont theory	Explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells--originated as prokaryotic cells	89
14725108272	Peroxisome	A specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane	90
14725130428	Plasmodesmata	Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells	91
14725139681	Cytoskeleton	A network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement	92
14725163738	Motor proteins	Specialized proteins that use energy to change shape and move cells or structures within cells.	93