AP Biology Midterm Review Flashcards

12278886088	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.	0
12278886090	membrane bound organelles	specialized structures found in eukaryotic cells that allow for compartmentalization and increased efficiency	1
12278886091	primary structure	linear chain of amino acids connect by peptide bonds	2
12278886094	Homologous Structures	-represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor	3
12278886095	secondary structure	Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone	4
12278886096	Convergent Evolution	-independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists	5
12278886097	Analogous	-species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancesty	6
12278886111	Genetic Variation	-differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences	7
12278886112	Population	-group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring	8
12278886113	Gene Pool	-all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population	9
12278886114	Hardy-Weinberg Conditions	-no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow	10
12278886115	Genetic Drift	-chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another)	11
12278886116	Founder Effect	-when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	12
12278886117	Bottleneck Effect	-a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles.	13
12278886118	Gene Flow	-transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	14
12278886122	Directional Selection	-conditions father shifting traits to one extreme	15
12278886123	Disruptive Selection	-conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range	16
12278886124	Stabilizing Selection	-reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population	17
12278886125	Sexual Selection	-form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits	18
12278886126	Sexual Dismorphism	-difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species	19
12278886133	Reproductive Isolation	-existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring	20
12278886135	Prezygotic Barriers	-block fertilization from occuring	21
12278886136	Postzygotic Barriers	-contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed	22
12278886137	Prezygotic Barrier Examples	1. Habtitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal) 3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals) 4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells) 5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract) HTBMG	23
12278886139	Allopatric Speciation + Evidence	-gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations -ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama	24
12278886140	Sympatric Speciation	-speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area	25
12278886149	Endosymbiosis	A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.	26
12293651038	Ribosomes	produces proteins like enzymes	27
12293694267	plasma membrane	location of cell respiration in prokaryotic organisms	28
12293712381	saturated fatty acid	monomer of lipids; a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized	29
12293732678	surface area to volume ratio	a variable that decreases as cells grow, so that it sets a limit to the size of cells.	30
12293739356	active transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference	31
12293744875	Osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	32
12293749110	Calvin Cycle	a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into G3P using ATP & NADPH	33
12293754430	Krebs cycle	second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions	34
12293764488	denatured proteins	polypeptide whose structures' shapes are changed by high heat or extreme pH	35
12293779222	Photosystem II	One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane that releases oxygen	36
12293817604	Golgi apparatus	A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell	37
12293835100	CAM plants	plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis	38
12293835101	C4 plants	A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.	39
12293844684	RNA world hypothesis	hypothesis that RNA served as the genetic information of early life	40
12293867009	Chemiosmosis	A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.	41
12293879767	NADH and FADH2	Carries electrons from the citric acid cycle to the ETC	42
12293886456	Glycolysis	the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.	43
12293891422	unsaturated fatty acid	monomer of lipids that possesses one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. typically liquid at room temperature	44
12293908166	signal transduction cascade	A set of chemical reactions during cell communication that amplifies the signal	45
12293939015	Hypotonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes	46
12293942281	Hypertonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes	47
12293946208	Photorespiration	A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.	48
12293975584	2pq	frequency of heterozygous genotype	49
12293975585	p2	frequency of homozygous dominant	50
12293978191	q2	frequency of homozygous recessive	51