AP Psychology Learning Flashcards

13312273599	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
13312273600	habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
13312273601	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together.	2
13312273602	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
13312273603	behaviorism	psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.	4
13312273604	unconditioned response (UR)	the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
13312273605	unconditioned stimulus (US)	a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food)	6
13312273606	conditioned response (CR)	the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
13312273607	conditioned stimulus (CS)	an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction	8
13312273608	acquisition	the "learned" behavior or response	9
13312273609	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS.	10
13312273610	extinction	the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced	11
13312273611	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR	12
13312273612	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses	13
13312273613	discrimination	the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US	14
13312273614	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
13312273615	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher	16
13312273616	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	17
13312273617	operant chamber	Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	18
13312273618	shaping	reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	19
13312273619	reinforcer	any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	20
13312273620	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.	21
13312273621	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.	22
13312273622	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	23
13312273623	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	24
13312273624	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	25
13312273625	fixed-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	26
13312273626	variable-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	27
13312273627	fixed-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	28
13312273628	variable-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	29
13312273629	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	30
13312273630	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)	31
13312273631	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER	32
13312273632	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	33
13312273633	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE	34
13312273634	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE	35
13312273635	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	36
13312273636	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy	37
13312273637	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	38
13312273638	Little Albert	subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear	39
13312273639	Albert Bandura	researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment	40
13312273640	John Garcia	Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.	41
13312273641	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	42
13312273642	B.F. Skinner	he is famous for use of his operant conditioning apparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats.	43
13312273643	John Watson	behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat	44
13312273644	biofeedback	a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.	45
13312273645	aversion theory	an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.	46
13312273646	neutral stimulus (NS)	environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment)	47
13312273647	token economy	object or point reward system used in jail, school, & at Chuck E Cheese	48
13312273648	systematic desensitization	a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques with the goal of "unlearning" fearful behavior	49