AP Environmental Science: Chemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 14385947634 | matter | -anything that occupies space and has mass made of atoms -after a chemical reaction, the original atoms remain |  | 0 |
| 14385947635 | mass | a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains |  | 1 |
| 14385947636 | atom | the smallest particle than can contain the chemical properties of an element |  | 2 |
| 14385947637 | element | -a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components -made of only one type of atom |  | 3 |
| 14385947638 | periodic table | a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties |  | 4 |
| 14385947639 | molecules | a particle that contains more than one atom |  | 5 |
| 14385947640 | compounds | a molecule containing more than one element |  | 6 |
| 14385947641 | atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom |  | 7 |
| 14385947642 | mass number | a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element |  | 8 |
| 14385947643 | isotopes | atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons |  | 9 |
| 14385947644 | radioactive decay | -protons and neutrons ejected from nucleus (parent) -release energy (can damage DNA) -creates new element (daughter) -release large amounts of energy -measured in half-life -carbon dating |  | 10 |
| 14385947645 | half-life | the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay |  | 11 |
| 14385947646 | covalent bond | the bond formed when elements share electrons |  | 12 |
| 14385947647 | ionic bond | a chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions |  | 13 |
| 14385947648 | hydrogen bond | -when electrons are not shared equally in a compound that contains Hydrogen -can attract anything negatively charged |  | 14 |
| 14385947649 | polar molecule | -a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative -shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom than near the hydrogen atom | 15 | |
| 14385947650 | energy | -the ability to do work or transfer heat -measured in joules (J) -electromagnetic radiation -high or low quality |  | 16 |
| 14385947651 | electromagnetic radiation | -transfers energy in protons -measured in wavelengths |  | 17 |
| 14385947652 | Joule | the amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second |  | 18 |
| 14385947653 | potential energy | stored energy that has not been released |  | 19 |
| 14385947654 | kinetic energy | the energy of motion |  | 20 |
| 14385947655 | chemical energy | -potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds -can be released by ingesting food |  | 21 |
| 14385947656 | temperature | -the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance | 22 | |
| 14385947657 | first law of thermodynamics | -a law of nature stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed |  | 23 |
| 14385947658 | second law of thermodynamics | -the law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished |  | 24 |
| 14385947659 | energy efficiency | -the ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system |  | 25 |
| 14385947660 | energy quality | -the ease with which an energy source can be used for work | 26 | |
| 14385947661 | entropy | -disorder/randomness in a system |  | 27 |
| 14385947662 | outputs | -a loss from a system | 28 | |
| 14385947663 | inputs | -an addition to a system | 29 | |
| 14385947664 | steady state | -input = output -amount of energy is not increasing |  | 30 |
| 14385947665 | feedback | -adjustment to input or output caused by change |  | 31 |
| 14385947666 | Properties of Water | -surface tension -capillary action -high specific heat -less dense when frozen -excellent solvent -can form acids and bases | 32 | |
| 14385947667 | Surface Tension | -cohesion of water molecules creates stretchy surface layer | 33 | |
| 14385947668 | Capillary Action | -cohesion and adhesion of water molecules pulls them along a surface or up a tube | 34 | |
| 14385947669 | Less dense when frozen | -polarity pushes water molecules apart at 39F and 4C | 35 | |
| 14385947670 | High Specific Heat | -requires a large amount of heat to boil and vaporize water | 36 | |
| 14385947671 | Excellent Solvent | -polar molecule can dissolve other compounds with charges | 37 | |
| 14385947672 | Acids | -acids add hydrogen ions (high hydrogen ion (H+), low hydroxide ion (OH-) content) pH below 7 | 38 | |
| 14385947673 | Conservation of Matter | -matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another | 39 | |
| 14385947674 | Organic Molecules | -contain carbon and hydrogen -carbohydrates (CHO) -lipids (CHO with little O; fats, waxes, oils) -proteins (CHONS,amino acids) -nucleic acids (CHONP, DNA and RNA) | 40 | |
| 14385947675 | Inorganic Molecules | -can contain Carbon and Hydrogen just NOT together | 41 | |
| 14385947676 | Power | -rate at which work is done -energy= power x time -kilowatts (kW) | 42 | |
| 14385947677 | Kinetic Energy | -energy of motion | 43 | |
| 14385947678 | Potential Energy | -stored energy -chemical energy | 44 | |
| 14385947679 | Energy Efficiency | -waste energy is lost at each conversion -more energy = more efficiency | 45 | |
| 14385947680 | Macromolecules | -carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids | 46 | |
| 14385947681 | Bases | -bases add hydroxide ions (high hydroxide ion (OH-), low hydrogen ion (H+)) pH above 7 | 47 | |
| 14385947682 | Adhesion | -the property of water molecules that makes them stick to other surfaces | 48 | |
| 14385947683 | Cohesion | -the property of water molecules that makes them stick to other water molecules | 49 |