Chapter 8 AP World History Flashcards

14718505850	Harun al-Rashid (r. 786-809)	one of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era	0
14719139879	Buyids	regional splinter dynasty (10th century); invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire (Sultan "victorious" in Arabic)	1
14835733808	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central asia via perisa; loyal to Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs in 11th century	2
14835769995	Crusades	military adventures sent by christians to free holy land from Muslims; later used for commercial wars and extermination of heresy	3
14835783744	Saladin	muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	4
14835796818	Omar Khayyam	A Muslim poet, mathematician, and astronomer; famous for Rubaiyat	5
14835823700	Shah-Nama	Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	6
14835833697	Ulama	orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for more conservative and restrictive theology (study and nature of god)	7
14835853285	Al-Ghazi	brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by the Ulama	8
14835886248	Sufism	a practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God	9
14836057446	Mongols	central asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian Kingdoms (east of Baghdad in the 1220s); captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last abbasid caliph (37th caliph)	10
14836494253	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170; elected khagan (title of emperor in turkic/Mongolic) of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquests of northern kingdoms of China; died in 1227 before conquest of most Islamic world	11
14836512602	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	12
14836527380	Hulegu	ruler of IIkhan Khante; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257	13
14836541619	Sind	A city in India that Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered because the attack in Islam merchants	14
14836581334	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab/Umayyad general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to part of the Umayyad empire	15
14836596550	Muhammad of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdoms in Afghanistan; began process of conquests to establish Muslim political control of northern India; Indus valley, Sind and north western India were under his control; 937-1030	16
14836624991	Mahmud of Ghaznii	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; let invasion in northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	17
14836644222	Bhaktic Cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddesses who was the object of their veneration (great respect); most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	18
14836659933	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of Bhaktic Cults to women	19
14836665135	Kabir	Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	20
14836670566	Shiva	The most deep respected god	21
14836676944	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.	22
14836691435	Malacca	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands.	23
14836694961	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports	24
14836697974	Abbasid succession	through Harun al-Rashid; the fall when the Mongols attacked	25
14836820351	Map 8.3	Arab colonies where established in other coastal areas, such as Malabar to the south and Bengal in the east	26
14836862068	Map 8.2	Long distance trade between the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe and between coastal India and southeast Asia in addition to the overland caravan trade with China, flourished through the Abbasid era	27
14836877543	Map 8.1	Areas as close to the capital as Egypt and Syria broke away from Abbasid rule	28
14836884505	Abbasid Women	Women's status was low, wives and concubines were restricted in entering the quarters of the Imperial palace but slave concubines could win their freedom by grooming a healthy son for the rulers	29
14836901906	Abbasid Economy	The Abbasids built on Umayyad traditions and had a development on literature, science, technology, and art, because of the developments it was thought to be the golden age of Islamic culture and economy, fusions of other races joining the Islam community helped the empire grow larger	30
14836971099	Nomadism	a community of people who move from one place to another, either with their livestock or subsisting on hunting and gathering.	31
14837088190	Hellenism	Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.	32
14837150303	Social resistance of Islam	the resistance from Hinduism	33
14837188603	Spread of Islam in islands of southeast asia	when Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sind	34
14837198014	Al Biruni	he was able to calculate the specific weight 18 major minerals; indicated the sophistication of Muslim scientific techniques	35
14837224509	Al Razi	Greatest Muslim physician; classified all materials substances into three categories: animal, vegetable, and minerals	36
14837236584	Qur'an	recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	37
14837317247	Abbasid Slavery	Women: Slave concubines; when Harun al-rashid died people fought for the position of successor, one of them recruited a "bodyguard" of some 4,000 slaves as mercenaries, later on he increased to more than 70,000; these slaves later on murdered their leader and then took control of the Abbasid throne	38
14837341243	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations - strong, weak, dissolute.	39