Thinking & Language -AP Psych Flashcards

11830847115	cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
11830847116	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
11830848477	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)	2
11830848478	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone -use of heuristics	3
11830848479	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms	4
11830849888	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions	5
11830849889	creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
11830851474	divergent thinking	the ability to generate many different ideas for or solutions to a single problem	7
11830852281	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	8
11830854141	Fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	9
11830854142	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	10
11830854143	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	11
11830856021	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information	12
11830856022	availability heuristic	estimating likelihood of events based on availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	13
11830857080	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident that correct- to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	14
11830860570	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited	15
11830860571	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	16
11830860572	Framing	the wording that is used to portray an issue or idea; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements	17
11830862265	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	18
11830862266	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	19
11830864005	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	20
11830864006	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	21
11830864007	Semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning	22
11830865214	Syntax	the rules for combing words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	23
11830866799	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	24
11830866800	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	25
11830867794	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	26
11830868475	telegraphic speech	early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs	27
11830869564	linguistic determinism	whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	28
11830869565	language acquisition device	noam chomsky's hypothesis that we are born with the ability to learn language because something in our brain simply allows us to learn language	29
11830870825	Inborn Universal Grammar Theory	noam chomsky's hypothesis that we are born with the ability to learn language because the same components of grammar (i.e nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.) exists across all languages	30
11830870826	critical period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	31
11830871821	Overgeneralization	applying a grammatical rule to a word or phrase that does not adhere to the rule, such as adding "ed" to "run," thereby incorrectly saying "i runned to the store"	32
12047381952	trial and error	A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.	33
12047386651	5 component of creativity	expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment	34
12047390564	convergent thinking	a type of critical thinking in which one evaluates existing possible solutions to a problem to choose the best one	35
12047401456	effect of framing	lead to bad decisions, influence important decisions	36
12047408137	Noam Chomsky	1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language	37
12047409849	B.F. Skinner	argued we learn language through association, imitation, reinforcement	38
12047414967	Benjamin Whorf	1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think	39