AP Language Vocab Flashcards

14581830154	Ad Hominem	a fallacy that discredits someone's argument by attacking them personally rather than the issue.	0
14581830155	Ad populum	"Everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do." Also known as bandwagon.	1
14581830156	Alliteration	When the same letter or sound repeats closely within a group of words.	2
14581830157	Example of alliteration	She sells sea shells by the sea shore.	3
14581830158	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event. / Hinting at something, not mentioning it explicitly.	4
14581830159	Analogy	Comparing two things that are different but finding similarities for the purpose of explanation.	5
14581830160	Example of analogy	Life is like a box of chocolates.	6
14581830161	Anaphoria	Repeating a sequence of words to emphasize them.	7
14581830162	Example of anaphoria	We shall fight in the hills, we shall fight on the fields, we shall fight with strength.	8
14581830163	Anecdote	A short, amusing story or tale about a real person or event.	9
14581830164	Annotation	A short note added onto a piece of text used to comment on or explain said text.	10
14581830165	Antimetabole	When a phrase is repeated in reverse.	11
14581830166	Example of antimetabole	Think and wonder. Wonder and think.	12
14581830167	Antithesis	Using two opposites in a sentence for contrasting effect.	13
14581830168	Example of antithesis	One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.	14
14581830169	Appeal to false authority	Using an authority figure in an argument when the figure doesn't have authority with facts in the specific argument.	15
14581830170	Example of appeal to false authority	My doctor says the earth is flat, and doctors are smart, so he must be correct.	16
14581830171	Archaic diction	The use of outdated or old fashioned words.	17
14581830172	Example of archaic diction	Shalt, maketh, thou	18
14581830173	Artistotelian Triangle	A diagram that shows the 3 main elements of persuasion. Includes Logos (logic), Pathos (emotion), and Ethos (ethic).	19
14581830174	Assertion	A confident or forceful statement of fact or belief.	20
14581830175	Assumption	Something that is assumed as true with no proof.	21
14581830176	Asydeton	A series of words without conjunctions in between.	22
14581830177	Example of asydeton	I came, I saw, I conquered.	23
14581830178	Audience	The listeners, viewers, or readers likely to give attention to something.	24
14581830179	Background	The circumstances or situation prevailing a certain event.	25
14581830180	Backing	Support or explanation in an argument.	26
14581830181	Begging the question	Repeating a claim itself as evidence to support the claim.	27
14581830182	Example of begging the question	The soul does not die because the soul lives forever.	28
14581830183	Circular reasoning	Using a claim itself as evidence to support the claim, creating a paradox. Similar to begging the question.	29
14581830184	Claim	A statement, usually supported by evidence	30
14581830185	Claim of fact	A statement that can be proven by facts and evidence.	31
14581830186	Claim of policy	A statement claiming a policy should be put in place. Keywords: "should" or "must"	32
14581830187	Example of claim of policy	A dress code should be enforced for high school students.	33
14581830188	Claim of value	A statement that makes an opinionated judgement. (Is something good or bad? Right or wrong?)	34
14581830189	Example of claim of value	Country music sucks.	35
14581830190	Classical oration	A classic five-part argument structure.	36
14581830192	Complex sentence	A sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	37
14581830193	Example of complex sentence	She was happy she got a part in the play, even though it was a small one.	38
14581830194	Composition	A piece of writing and how it's put together.	39
14581830195	Compound sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses. Similar to a complex sentence, expect each half of the sentence must be able to stand on it's own as a complete sentence.	40
14581830196	Example of compound sentance	They got there really early, and they got good seats.	41
14581830197	Concession	Acknowledging the other side of the argument before presenting.	42
14581830198	Confirmation	Elaborating on and verifying an argument.	43
14581830199	Connotation	Associating a word with certain emotions or ideas.	44
14581830200	Context	The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed.	45
14581830201	Counterargument	An argument developed to counter someone else's.	46
14581830202	Counterargument thesis	A thesis statement for a counterargument.	47
14585926502	Cumulative sentance	A sentence that starts with a main idea (independent clause) and then adds onto it (modified clauses).	48
14598637306	Deduction	A conclusion made from inferences.	49
14598637307	Diction	The choice of words and phrases used in speech or writing.	50
14598637308	Either/Or (false dilemma)	When only two extreme options are presented as the only possible choices.	51
14604251813	Enthymeme	When a premise is left unstated in an argument.	52
14604251814	Equivocation	Using a word in a different way than the author used it in the original premise.	53
14604251815	Example of equivocation	Make the yuletides gay? Sexuality has nothing to do with Christmas.	54
14604251816	Ethos	Part of the Rhetoric Triangle that represents the ethics, credibility, and morals of the persuader.	55
14604251817	Exordium	The beginning or introduction to something.	56
14604251818	Fallacy	An error in reasoning leading to an unfair argument.	57
14617351081	Faulty analogy	When an analogy compares two things that are not comparable.	58
14617351082	Figurative language	Language that is not supposed to be taken literally. Usually includes the use of metaphors, personification, etc.	59
14617351083	First-hand evidence	Evidence based on the author's personal experience, observations, or general knowledge.	60
14617351084	Focus	The central point of an argument or idea.	61
14617351085	Foreground	A part of an argument or idea that is emphasized most to the audience.	62
14617351086	Framing	A story within a story that uses one to frame the other.	63
14617351087	Hasty generalization	When an argument uses an irrelevant, small sample of a statistic as evidence.	64
14617351088	Example of hasty generalization	Only 10% of dentists overall recommend Smile Toothpaste. However, all 5 dentists at Smile Dental recommend it, so we will say "5 out of 5 dentists recommend Smile Toothpaste."	65
14617351089	Hortative sentence	A sentence that encourages action.	66
14617351090	Example of hortative sentence	Just try it at least once!	67
14617351091	Hyperbole	An exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally.	68
14617351092	Example of hyperbole	I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.	69
14618045242	Imagery	Vivid and detailed language that paints an image.	70
14618045243	Imparative sentence	A sentence that commands or requests something.	71
14618045244	Induction	A conclusion that is based off facts, but generalizes the situation.	72
14618045245	Example of induction	I got coffee once at Cafe East and it was horrible, so all of their coffee must be horrible.	73
14626693332	Inversion	Inverting the order of words in a sentence. ( Essentially, talking like Yoda)	74
14626693333	Example of inversion	What a beautiful picture it is!	75
14626693334	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality.	76
14626693335	Juxtaposition	The placement of two things closely together to compare or contrast.	77
14626693336	Example of juxtaposition	Calm and chaos.	78
14629188770	Line	A group of words in a passage arranged in a row.	79
14629188771	Logos	Part of the Rhetoric Triangle that represents the logic of the persuader.	80
14629188772	Metaphor	A comparison that doesn't use "like" or "as".	81
14629188773	Metonymy	Substituting the name of something for something else closely associated with it.	82
14629188774	Example of metonymy	"The White House declared..." rather than "The President declared..."	83
14629188775	Modifier	A word/words that give more description and detail to the main subject (by "modifying").	84
14629188776	Mood	The feeling and atmosphere in a piece of text.	85
14629188777	Nominilization	The process of changing a verb into a noun.	86
14629188778	Example of nominalization	Argue → Argument	87
14629188779	Occasion	The time, place, and circumstances a piece of text takes place in.	88
14629188780	Open thesis	A thesis statement that doesn't go into specifics and leaves the essay open to touch on other topics.	89
14629188781	Oxymoron	A statement that contradicts itself.	90
14629188782	Example of oxymoron	A known secret.	91
14629188783	Paradox	a statement that contradicts itself but is still true somehow, creating a dilemma.	92
14632050043	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in two or more clauses.	93
14632600793	Pathos	Part of the Rhetoric Triangle that represents the emotions of the persuader.	94
14632600794	Periodic sentance	A sentence that has it's main clause at the end.	95
14632600795	Example of periodic sentance	With low taxes, beautiful views, friendly people, and a mild climate, this city is a great place to live.	96
14632600796	Peroration	The concluding part of a speech, typically intended to inspire enthusiasm.	97
14632718390	Persona	An individual's personality that is presented to others.	98
14644249720	Personification	Giving an animal, object, or idea a human form.	99
14644249721	Polemic	An aggressive attack against a specific opinion.	100
14644249722	Polysyndeton	The use of many conjunctions close together.	101
14644249723	Example of polysyndeton	He ran and jumped and laughed and screamed.	102
14644344807	Post hoc ergo propter hoc	Latin for "after this, therefore because of this." A fallacy that draws a conclusion from something that is not related.	103
14644344808	Example of post hoc ergo propter hoc	I drank bottled water and now I'm sick, so the water must have made me sick.	104
14644344809	Propaganda	Information, usually biased or misleading, spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.	105
14644344810	Purpose	The author's intention or objective in a piece of writing.	106
14644344811	Qualified argument	When a side of an argument adds information and develops a stronger case along the way.	107
14644539406	Qualifier	A word that limits or enhances the meaning of another word.	108
14644539407	Examples of qualifiers	Always, usually, somewhat	109
14644539408	Qualitative evidence	Data about qualities, usually that can't be measured with numbers and is found by observation.	110
14644539409	Example of qualitative evidence	The softness of your skin.	111
14644539410	Quantitative evidence	Data about statistics or numbers that can be cited or measured.	112
14644539411	Rebuttal	A counterargument that fires back to the opposing side.	113
14644539412	Red herring	A distracting or misleading point that draws attention away from the main issue.	114
14644539413	Reservation	A limiting condition.	115
14644784186	Rhetoric	The art of persuasive speaking or writing.	116
14644784187	Rhetorical appeals	The three parts of the rhetorical triangle - Ethos, logos, and pathos.	117
14649911324	Rhetorical question	A question asked for rhetorical effect not meant to actually be answered.	118
14649911325	Rogerian argument	An argument looking to find common ground and a solution rather than a debate that has a "winner" and "loser".	119
14649911326	Satire	The use of ironic, often exaggerated humor to ridicule.	120
14649911327	Scheme	The construction of a rhetorical sentence.	121
14649947730	Second-hand evidence	Evidence based on the author's research and investigation.	122
14649947732	Similie	A comparison that uses "like" or "as".	123
14653563591	Example of simile	As brave as a lion.	124
14653563592	SOAPS	An acronym that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker.	125
14653563593	Speaker	The author, speaker, or the person whose perspective is being used in a piece of writing.	126
14653563594	Stance	A person's position or attitude towards a topic.	127
14653563595	Straw man fallacy	Ignoring the actual point of the opposing argument and attacking a false version of it that wasn't even presented.	128
14657448715	Subject	The first part of a sentence that tells who or what the sentence is about.	129
14657448716	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning that has a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Think of a venn diagram.	130
14657448717	Example of syllogism	All dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs.	131
14664285115	Synecdoche	When a word is used to represent a whole.	132
14664285116	Example of synecdoche	"Cleveland won by six," rather than "Cleveland's baseball team won by six."	133
14664285117	Syntax	The proper structure of words, phrases, and sentences.	134
14683817604	Synthesize	Combining two or more things to create something more complex.	135
14683817605	Text	A passage of words.	136
14690743330	Thesis statement	A sentence that summarizes the purpose and main points made in an essay.	137
14695647346	Tone	The attitude of the author towards the audience, a subject, or a character.	138
14695647347	Toulmin Model	An method of analyzing and constructing arguments.	139
14695647348	Trope	The general name for figures of speech such as image, symbol, simile, or metaphor.	140
14695647349	Understatement	A statement that says less than what is meant.	141
14695647350	Warrant	Justification for an action, belief, or feeling.	142
14695647351	Wit	A form of keen intelligent humor that shows cleverness and sharpness.	143
14695647352	Zuegma	When a single word used in a phrase is used in different senses.	144
14695647353	Example of zeugma	She broke his car and his heart.	145