AP Psych Unit 2 Flashcards

15365083193	sensation	activation of receptors located in eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue	0
15365089980	transduction	process of converting outside stimuli into neural signals in the brain	1
15365102904	perception	interpretation of sensation	2
15365109952	synesthesia	conjoined senses	3
15365148244	absolute threshold	smallest amount of stimulus we can perceive	4
15365160640	weber's law	describes different thresholds for different senses -candle from 20 miles away	5
15365183321	difference threshold (jnd)	just noticeable difference	6
15365225884	signal detection theory	detection of a stimulus depends on the physical and psychological state of the individual	7
15365236655	feature detector	groups of neurons in visual cortex respond to different types of visual images	8
15365258410	subliminal perception	the brain doesn't consider a faint message very important - quick messages displayed during films	9
15365271356	sensory habituation	perception of sensations is partially due to how focused we are on them -wearing a hat or shoes	10
15365372387	sensory adaptation	decreasing responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation -smell of perfume	11
15365743959	mere exposure effect	idea that repeated presentation of novel stimuli increases liking to stimuli -liking a song after hearing it a lot	12
15365766100	cocktail party phenomenon	selective attention -can hear what one person is saying in a group	13
15365783824	visual accomodation	process of light passing through cornea, through pupil, through vitreous humor to the retina	14
15381406752	afterimage	when we look away, unused cones fire to balance the chemicals used up during staring	15
15381417096	rods	black white and grey	16
15381420070	cones	colors	17
15381420072	trichromatic theory	three cones (red, green, and blue) tat activate in different combos to produce all colors (doesn't explain afterimage)	18
15381436047	opponent-process theory	four primary colors, receptors arranged in pairs, when one is stimulated, inhibits other from firing	19
15381478341	color blindness	mild to severe. red/green shades or blue/yellow shades	20
15381485710	order of light	photo receptor cells-bipolar cells-ganglian cells (optic nerve)-occipital lobe -light travels through eye	21
15381508918	audition	perception of sound waves	22
15381521313	place theory	cochlea is like a piano, where the sound is	23
15381530241	frequency theory	speed of basilar membrane vibration corresponds to pitches	24
15381545210	volley principle	hair cells take turns firing	25
15381551683	conduction deafness	damage to outer ear and middle ear structures	26
15381555846	nerve deafness	damage to hair cells, normally by loud noise	27
15381568059	olfaction	sense of smell	28
15381573358	kinesthetic sense	body position and orientation of body parts	29
15381577965	vestibular sense	balance and movement -semicircular canals	30
15381584631	gate-control theory	substances must pass through a gate in spinal cord	31
15381595872	substance p	neurotransmitter -pain	32
15381612684	four aspects of perception	attention, the constancies (size, shape, color, and brightness), depth perception, gestalt	33
15381633439	perceptual constancies	maintaining a constant perception of an object despite changes	34
15381641422	size constancy	Perception of an object as the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed	35
15381645805	shape constancy	the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina	36
15381652671	brightness/ color constancy	tendency to perceive objects as a certain level of brightness, even when the light changes	37
15381659975	monocular cues	linear perspective, overlap, texture, accommodation	38
15381679123	binocular cues	convergence and retinal disparity	39
15381683252	convergence	inward movement of both eyes -camera focusing	40
15381688142	retinal disparity	binocular overlap, disparity	41
15381705814	gestalt principles	how we see things the way we are	42
15381709165	schemata	(schema) a predisposition to perceive something in a certain way	43
15381716585	context effects	perception affected by environmental factors	44
15381723704	figure ground	mentally put images in background and foreground	45
15381729540	closure	mentally draw in lines to make patterns	46
15381735378	important 4 perceptions	similarity, proximity, continuity, closure	47
15381760324	top down	use background knowledge to fill in gaps in what we sense	48
15381765714	bottom up	you use features of an object itself to build a complete perception	49
15381773401	ESP	is defined as a claim of perception that occurs without using normal sensory channels -long island medium	50