AP Psychology: THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

14673539688	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
14673539689	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
14673539690	Prototype	a standard or typical example	2
14673539691	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
14673539692	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
14673539693	Insight	A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution	5
14673539694	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
14673539695	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	7
14673539696	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
14673539697	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem or new information in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
14673539698	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. A SHOE IS A WEAPON.	10
14673539699	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information	11
14673539700	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	12
14673539701	Overconfidence	more certainty in prediction than circumstances warrant	13
14673539702	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	14
14673539703	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	15
14673539704	Framing	the way an issue is posed	16
14673539705	Language	spoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate.	17
14673539706	Phoneme	(linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound	18
14673539707	Morpheme	smallest meaningful language unit	19
14673539708	Grammar	a system of linguistic rules that enables communication	20
14673539709	Semantics	the study of language meaning	21
14673539710	Syntax	the rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	22
14673539711	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	23
14673539712	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
14673539713	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	25
14673539714	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	26
14673539715	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
14673539716	Noam Chomsky	American linguist whose theory of generative grammar argued that language and grammar are innate, that we have a language acquisition device built in.	28
14673539717	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	29
14673539718	Benjamin Whorf	Linguist who theorized the concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	30