AP Language and Composition Terminology Flashcards

13907014783	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
13907019344	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event	1
14376818121	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
14376819449	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
14376820857	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event	4
14376836476	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
14376837560	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
14376839405	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	7
14376840242	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth	8
14376841030	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	9
14376842752	Archaic Diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	10
14376843509	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	11
14376844190	Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)	12
14376845964	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument	13
14376849520	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof	14
14376850794	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	15
14376851782	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	16
14376853052	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	17
14376854137	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge	18
14376858062	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	19
14376858992	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	20
14376860033	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	21
14376863142	Close Reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	22
14376865585	Colloquialism	An informal or conversational use of language	23
14376866451	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions	24
14376867292	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	25
14376880619	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding	26
14376882698	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	27
14376883893	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	28
14376886150	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	29
14376888087	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument	30
14376889945	Cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	31
14376892187	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement. Deduction: Reasoning from general to specific	32
14376895878	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	33
14376896655	Diction	Word choice. Documentation: Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	34
14376908480	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	35
14376923640	Epigram	A brief witty statement	36
14376926997	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)	37
14376928644	Exigence	Issue or situation that demands prompt action or remedy	38
14376930107	Explicit	Fully and clearly expressed or demonstrated; leaving nothing merely implied	39
14376932418	Figurative Language:	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	40
14376933345	Figure of Speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	41
14376936798	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	42
14376938551	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	43
14376940228	Implicit	Implied, rather than expressly stated	44
14376941955	Imperative Sentence	A sentence that requests or commands	45
14376942977	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general	46
14376943832	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	47
14376945776	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	48
14376947353	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis	49
14376948209	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)	50
14376975861	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	51
14376976738	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	52
14376977354	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing. Oxymoron: A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	53
14376979207	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	54
14376979806	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	55
14376980720	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule	56
14376981677	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	57
14376982205	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	58
14376983397	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects. Polemic: An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	59
14376987241	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	60
14376992749	Premise	Major, minor two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise	61
14376994396	Major premise/Minor Premise/Conclusion	All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism)	62
14376995371	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	63
14376996352	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	64
14376996917	Qualify	To discuss the extent to which something may or may not be true	65
14376997861	Rebut	To refute by evidence or argument	66
14376998749	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	67
14376999961	Rhetorical Modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	68
14377002035	Rhetorical Question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer	69
14377002792	Rhetorical Situation	The relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)	70
14377004037	Satire	Ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	71
14377007689	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	72
14377014590	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	73
14377015600	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	74
14377016404	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	75
14377017458	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	76
14377018818	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	77
14377020670	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing. Straw man: A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	78
14377021320	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	79
14377022321	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	80
14377023863	Subordinate Clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	81
14377024839	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactic element on another in a sentence	82
14377026071	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor)	83
14377039929	Syntax	Sentence structure	84
14377104315	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	85
14377105371	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	86
14377106042	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	87
14377110596	Transitions	Transitions are words and phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences, and paragraphs	88
14377106686	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	89
14377109032	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	90
14377112270	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech	91
14377113289	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	92
14377114294	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice); in rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	93