Chapter 1 and 2 Terms - AP Language Flashcards

14690415038	audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple _________.	0
14690415039	concession	An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a _______________ is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	1
14690415040	connotation	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. _____________ are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone.	2
14690415041	context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text	3
14690415042	counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a ___________, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation..	4
14690415043	ethos	Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to _______ to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. _______ is established by both who you are and what you say.	5
14690415044	logos	Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to _________, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.	6
14690415045	pathos	Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to _________ to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to ________ might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.	7
14690415046	occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.	8
14690415047	persona	Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.	9
14690415048	polemic	Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. ___________ generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.	10
14690415049	propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.	11
14690415050	purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve.	12
14690415051	refutation	A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, _________ often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	13
14690415052	rhetoric	"the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.	14
14690415053	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major __________ are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	15
14690415054	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.	16
14690415055	SOAPS	It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.	17
14690415056	speaker	The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.	18
14690415057	subject	The topic of a text. What the text is about.	19
14690415058	text	While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read"-meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.	20
14690415059	alliteration	Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence.	21
14690415060	allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art.	22
14690415061	anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.	23
14690415062	antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order.	24
14690415063	antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.	25
14690415064	archaic diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.	26
14690415065	asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	27
14690415066	cumulative sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.	28
14690415067	hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	29
14690415068	imperative sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	30
14690415069	inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order).	31
14690415070	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.	32
14690415071	metaphor	Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as.	33
14690415072	oxymoron	Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another.	34
14690415073	parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	35
14690415074	periodic sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	36
14690415075	personification	Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	37
14690415076	rhetorical question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.	38
14690415077	synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.	39
14690415078	zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.	40