AP Biology Chapter 35 Flashcards

13673147034	Root system	the system of plants beneath the soil	0
13673147035	Shoot system	the system of plants above the soil	1
13673153943	Whats the functions of roots	anchors plant absorbs minerals and water stores carbohydrates	2
13673158348	Define the primary root and what it branches to	first root to emerge' braces to form lateral roots	3
13673161129	Define taproot	large singular roots w small ones coming off it	4
13673172835	define fibrous roots	They branch to such an extent that no single roots grows larger than the other. Helps topsoil from being washed away. Ex.) Grass bunch of lateral roots	5
13673175380	define adventitious roots	Roots that are produced on the internodes or other parts of plant organs (stems and leaves).	6
13673179502	Define root hairs	ways of increasing surface area for absorption	7
13673147036	Mycorrhizae	symbiotic relationships that form between fungi and plants	8
13673147037	Stem	series of nodes (where leaves attach) and internodes	9
13673190194	Define apical bud	top bud where shoot is growing	10
13673147039	Axillary bud	a bud that develops in the axil of a leaf of a plant	11
13673147040	Leaves	where the plant exchanges gases with the atmosphere and collects sunlight to manufacture food with the help of water and minerals collected through the root	12
13673197528	What do leaves usually have?	-blade -petiole joins leaf to node of stem	13
13673204407	Define monocot	parallel veins	14
13673222523	What do non-woody plants have	epidermis with a non waxy non-waxy	15
13673226026	woody plants have	periderm that turns into bark	16
13673231440	What do guard cells do?	open and close stomata	17
13673207572	Define Eudicots	branching veins	18
13673147041	Dermal tissue	outermost layer of plants that protect it from damage and water loss	19
13673147042	Vascular tissue	conduct materials throughout the plant made up of xylem and phloem	20
13673147043	Xylem	carry water and dissolve minerals from the root up to the leaves	21
13673147044	Phloem	transports food from the leaves to the rest of the plant	22
13673147045	Ground tissue	carry out photosynthesis and store leftover food	23
13673236412	define a pith	ground tissue internal to vascular tissue	24
13673237793	define a cortex	ground tissue to external to the vascular tissue	25
13673147046	Parenchyma cells	"visceral flesh" cells that make up the dermal tissue; most abundant; thin and flexible and perform various functions thinner walls but larger vacuoles	26
13673147047	Collenchyma cells	elongated cells with thicker cell walls that help hold up the plant body where you find growth in the plant	27
13673147048	Sclerenchyma cells	have SUPER thick cell walls made from lignin (a SUPER-strong polymer) rigid lignizides dead cells	28
13673262211	Define tracheids	a type of water-conducting cell in the xylem that lacks perforations in the cell wall. and is dead	29
13673266087	what are the water conducting cells of xylem	tracheids and vessel elements	30
13673268399	What are vessel elements?	Large, elongated pipes	31
13673147049	thick	In warm, wet years the sclerenchyma cells grow _______	32
13673147050	thin	In cold, dry years the sclerenchyma cells grow _______	33
13673147051	Xylem cells	tracheids and vessel elements	34
13673147052	Tracheids	are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts	35
13673147053	Phloem cells	composed of various specialized cells called sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells	36
13673147054	Sieve-tube elements	help the phloem to absorb water from a nearby xylem to form a sugary sap to transport the sugar	37
13673147055	Companion cells	closely associated sieve elements; appears to regulate the activity of the adjacent sieve element and to take part in loading and unloading sugar into the sieve element	38
13673278980	Define meristem	Plant tissue that allows plants to continue dividing where most of the upwards and growth of a plant happens	39
13673284134	apical meristem	tops of roots and shoots make plant longer aka primary growth	40
13673291393	lateral meristems	A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems. aka secondary growth	41
13673294023	define vascular cambium	lateral meristems makes more vascular tissue only think that can increase secondary vascular tissue	42
13673300326	Define cork cambium	lateral meristems adds more dermal tissue	43
13673310047	Define protoderm	one of the primary meristems that produce mature plant tissue produces dermal tissue	44
13673319012	Define ground meristem	one of the primary meristems that produce mature plant tissue produces ground tissue	45
13673147056	Vessels	transport water and nutrients but are shorter than tracheids so they are connected into long tubes	46
13673335336	Define root cap	what covers and protected apical meristem	47
13673351827	What are the 3 zones of being behind a root tip	zone of division zone of elongation zone of differentiation/Manhattan	48
13673364210	axillary buds do what	form along the shoot but can be released from apical dominant	49
13673375695	Define leaf primordia	comes from lateral/axillary buds	50
13673381625	define mesophyll and what happens in it	going tissue of a leaf where happens	51
13673393519	Where does secondary growth occur?	lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium adds circumference	52
13673433124	Define plasticity	how effective a plant is by its environment during its development	53
13673439999	Define cell elongation	makes plants bigger individual cells get bigger	54
13673442926	Define polarity which leads to what	the property of having opposite poles plants having shoot and root end	55
13673465740	what restricts cells from elongating?	microfibils	56
13673469253	Define pattern formation	the plant putting specific parts in certain locations different proteins develop as plant cells differentiate	57
13673477314	cell differentiation is determined by what?	position on the organism	58
13673485163	what are the different phase changes of plants?	juvenile, adult vegetative and adult reproductive	59
13673491237	what is gonna be the main thing changing morphologically in plants?	shoot system	60
13673498371	define floral meristem identity genes	the transition from vegetative growth to flowering is based on this	61
13673505684	define organ identity genes	homeotic genes for plants regulate development of floral pattern	62
13673513724	Define the ABC hypothesis	where you can a have A activity, B activity, AB and AC activity (the letters being different genes that are turned off or on by the environment)	63