Ap gov ch 3 Flashcards

Chapter 3 Terms in the textbook "Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy (AP edition)"

14886505197	Federalism	A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have federal authority over the same land and people.	0
14886505198	Unitary Governments	A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government.	1
14886505199	Intergovernmental Relations	The workings of the federal system— the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments.	2
14886505200	Supremacy Clause	Article VI (six) of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.	3
14886505201	Tenth Amendment	The constitutional amendment stating, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or the people."	4
14886505202	McCulloch v. Maryland	An 1819 Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. The case held that the Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated power found in the Constitution.	5
14886505203	Enumerated Powers	Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution.	6
14886505204	Implied Powers	Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution.	7
14886505205	Elastic Clause	The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers.	8
14886505206	Gibbons v. Ogden	A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.	9
14886505207	Full Faith and Credit	A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states.	10
14886505208	Extradition	A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to the officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed.	11
14886505209	Privileges and Immunities	A clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states.	12
14886505210	Dual Federalism	A system of government in which both states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.	13
14886505211	Cooperative Federalism	A system of government in which powers and policies are assignments are shared between states and the national government.	14
14886505212	Devolution	Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments.	15
14886505213	Fiscal Federalism	The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments.	16
14886505214	Categorical Grants	Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions.	17
14886505215	Project Grants	Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications.	18
14886505216	Formula Grants	Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.	19
14886505217	Block Grants	Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services.	20
14886505218	U.S. v. Lopez	The Supreme Court ruled the federal Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 exceeded Congress's constitutional authority to regulate commerce	21
14886505219	New Federalism	Political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states	22
14886505220	Reserved powers	Tenth Amendment reservation of political powers, not specifically granted to the federal government, to the states.	23
14886505221	Inherent powers	Powers held by the President that are not explicitly mentioned in the United States Constitution.	24
14886505222	Concurrent Powers	Political powers that are shared by both the state and federal governments.	25
14886505223	Unfunded mandates	A statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements.	26