AP Psychology CH. 8 Language (Mr. Carroll) Flashcards

13360068894	cognition	it broadly refers to mental processes or thinking	0
13360068895	introspection	the analysis of one's own conscious experience	1
13360068896	language	it consists of symbol that convey meaning, plus rules for the combination of those symbols, that can be used to generate infinite variety of messages	2
13360068897	phonemes	the smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually	3
13360068898	morphemes	the smallest units of meaning in a language	4
13360068899	semantics	the area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations	5
13360068900	syntax	a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences	6
13360068901	fast mapping	the process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure	7
13360068902	overextension	this occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to	8
13360068903	underextension	this occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects than it is meant to	9
13360068904	telegraphic speech	it consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted	10
13360068905	overregularization	this occurs when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply	11
13360068906	metalinguistic awareness	the ability to reflect on the use of language	12
13360068907	bilingualism	the acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules	13
13360068908	language acquisition device (LAD)	an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language	14
13360068909	interactionist theory	a theory that asserts that biology and experience make important contributions to the development of language	15
13360068910	emergentist theory	a theory that argues that the neural circuits supporting language are not prewired but emerge gradually in response to language-learning experiences	16
13360068911	linguistic relativity	the hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought	17
13360068912	problem solving	this refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable	18
13360068913	functional fixedness	the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use	19
13360068914	mental set	when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past	20
13360068915	insight	this occurs when people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while	21
13360068916	problem space	the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver	22
13360068917	trial and error	it involves trying possible solutions and discarding those that are in error until one works	23
13360068918	algorithm	a methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem	24
13360068919	subgoals	intermediate steps used to get to a solution	25
13360068920	heuristic	a guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions	26
13360068921	incubation effect	this occurs when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem	27
13360068922	holistic cognitive style	this problem solving style focuses on context and relationships among elements in a field; seeing the whole of the parts	28
13360068923	analytical cognitive style	this problem solving style focuses on objects and their properties rather than their context; seeing the parts of a whole	29
13360068924	decision making	evaluating alternatives and making choices among them	30
13360068925	theory of bounded rationality	this theory asserts that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only on a few facets of available options and often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal	31
13360068926	risky decision making	making choices under conditions of uncertainty	32
13360068927	subjective utility	it represents what an outcome is personally worth to an individual	33
13360068928	availability heuristic	basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind	34
13360068929	representativeness heuristic	basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event	35
13360068930	conjunction fallacy	when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening	36
13360068931	dual process theory	a theory that people depend on two very different modes of thinking when making decisions	37
13360068932	gambler's fallacy	the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently	38
13360068933	confirmation bias	the tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs	39
13360068934	framing	how decision issues are posed or how choices are structured	40
13360068935	semantic slanting	deliberately choosing words to create specific emotional responses	41